Technological Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 3

The present chapter describes the viscous dissipation effects on MHD Non-Newtonian fluid flow past a stretching surface along with suction/injection. The equations governing the flow field are solved numerically by employing implicit finite difference scheme and the results are scrutinized graphically for velocity and temperature fields. It is evident from the results that the magnetic field and suction parameter reduces the velocity of the fluid. The effect of velocity exponent is to increase the temperature of the fluid and increase in Eckert number if to raise the temperature.

Fiber optic displacement sensors are widely used in industry due to advantages such as simple design, low cost and immune to RFI and EMI. Non-contact type fiber optic sensors are popularly known as retroreflective type of extrinsic sensors. Due to its inherent advantages, retro reflective extrinsic Fiber optic sensors (FOS) have been examined, statistically modelled, and tested for performance. This paper reports easy pathway to study, analyze and optimize the retroreflective extrinsic type FOS as a software tool ‘FOS Explore’. This tool was created utilizing the ray tracing technique and a generalized mathematical model of FOS. Sensor geometries can be set and performance characteristics can be examined. The software, which was created using MATLAB, allows users to input various fiber specifications and geometrical factors in order to determine the sensor's layout. For ease of comprehension, the simulated results are presented in the form of a tabular display, particular plots, and cross sectional views of sensor geometry. This software program is used to examine and optimize multiple architectures based on performance factors such as sensitivity and linear operating range at certain non linearity, in addition to basic configuration.

This study presents a new CMOS dynamic Phase Frequency Detector design (PFD). The suggested PFD circuit (PPFD) has been developed, simulated, and the results have been examined. Internal signal routing is used in the PPFD circuit to reduce dead zone. A Loop-filter is nothing but the Low Pass Filter (LPF) integrates error current to generate VCO control voltage and suppresses the noise and unwanted phase detector outputs. Overall, the PLL is configured in 0.18 µm CMOS technology with a T-spice environment and it is then connected with the frequency divider circuits (FD/2 & FD 2/3). From the comparisons, it shows that the low power consumed is about 0.65 µW for the PLL with FD2/3. In addition, Monte Carlo simulation is performed for the PLL circuits and the power values are analyzed. In order to extend the research work, Pass transistor logic based FDs can be used to reduce power.

This paper focuses on the novel exploration of \(\omega\) - Fuzzy Translation and Multiplication in \(B H-\) Algebras. To explore this \(\omega\)-Fuzzy is defined first in \(B H\) - Algebras and used in Fuzzy Translation and Multiplication in \(B H-\) Algebras by tracing its algebraic properties.

Blue chips covered with yellow emitting phosphor are used in the majority of commercial white LED lamps. YAG: Ce³⁺ phosphor is coated on a blue chip to obtain white light. Despite its commercial success, there are a number of flaws, such as the "halo effect," poor color rendition, and so on. So many attempts have been devoted in recent years to improve the performance of LED lamps. These may be classified as 1> finding a replacement for YAG: Ce and 2> improving the performance of YAG: Ce. When the conversion phosphor is situated near the LED chip, its thermal behavior is of great importance.

The dynamic stability analysis of Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) test system with Power System Stabilizer (PSS), Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) optimal control for a test system under small disturbance presented in this chapter. The test system is derived using Heffron-Phillip’s model. PSS and SVC damping controllers are proposed to enhance the dynamic stability in unique system. The performance of the system is checked with eigenvalue analysis and time response results under nominal load condition. To compare with PSS and SVC, LQR with SVC provides better damping compared to SVC, PSS and without control. The SMIB power system simulated in MATLAB-Simulink environment. The performance of damping controllers such as PSS, SVC with LQR optimal Controller tested on SMIB power system and performance compared.

In the past decades, water pollution is the important aspect due to heavy metal ion that present in the water bodies. Among the various types heavy metal, presence of nickel (II) is commonly found in industrial effluent. NI (II) creates many unwanted effects in our ecosystem. It menace not only the ecosystem also human beings. In the research of heavy metal removal by adsorption, activated carbon is commonly used as an adsorbent. Activated carbon is a costly component of the water treatment process. Heavy metals must, however, be removed from industrial water. The use of a low-cost adsorbent as an alternative to commercially available activated carbon compounds appeals to the researchers. The goal of this research is to help in the quest for less priced adsorbents. This research compares experiments on Nickel removal by adsorption on Corn Ash (CA) and Straw Ash (SA) (SA). These adsorbents are low-cost, non-conventional materials that can be employed in adsorption to treat water and waste water. The activation procedure was discovered to boost the high surface area and adsorption capacity of the material. This project aims to present data for the construction of a cost-effective waste water treatment plant for effluent released from a variety of industries. Contact time, adsorbent dosage, and solution PH are claimed to be experimental parameters that determine the degree of heavy metal adsorption. The impact of these variables on the amount of NI (II) ions removed by adsorption on CA and SA has been investigated. The metal removal investigations revealed that the varying operating conditions had a significant impact on their removal.

The least mean square filter (LMS) and a new hybrid neural network with mind evolution computation algorithm are used in this paper to present a new solution approach for identifying faults in a multiphase induction motor. The application of an artificial neural network (ANN) has stood out as a facilitating mechanism in solving problems in many areas. The entire process of teaching an artificial neural network (ANN) is often regarded as one of the most difficult processes in system learning, and it has recently attracted a large number of researchers. An efficient feature extractor based on LMS and a fault classifier based on a hybrid neural network are included in the proposed hybrid fault diagnosis approach. The performance and efficiency of the provided hybrid neural network classifier are determined by testing 600 samples modeled on the failure model. For various defect signals, the average correct classification with and without the mind evolution computation algorithm is around 98 percent and 96.17 percent, respectively. The simulation study results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid neural network for fault identification in multiphase induction motors.

For the treatment of oil-produced water, the research study relies on photo catalytic technologies combined with nanochemicals. Solar energy is considered to be the finest option for treating oil generated because it is abundant and available across the Sultanate of Oman all year. In recent years, the photo catalytic method has demonstrated considerable potential as a low-cost, long-term treatment that is also ecologically beneficial. Because of its strong photo catalytic activity, photo-stability, broad band gap, and low toxicity, zinc oxide (ZnO) is utilized as a photocatalyst, and its photo catalytic activity to destroy organic contaminants in oil generated water was explored. As per the experimental study it was observed that ZnO used as a potential catalyst in treating wastewater. The performance of the ZnO was studied by different parameters such as, pH, TDS, conductivity, salinity, DO, TOC and COD. The results showed that TOC was decreased in first 3 hrs and thereafter it remains stable and hence 3 hours is considered as optimum reaction time. However, it was noticed that continuous decrease in COD and turbidity for 5 hrs of exposure under solar radiation.

Large-scale implementation of a particular bonding process in any industry needs accurate tools for failure design and prediction. The performance of a structural adhesive (Araldite^® 2015) on a T-stiffener with composite adherends made of an epoxy matrix reinforced with carbon fibres is investigated in this study. The aim of the work is to numerically study, by the Finite Element Method (FEM) and Cohesive Zone Models (CZM), the behaviour of different T-stiffener bonded with a structural epoxy adhesive when subjected to peel loads and different geometries. A parametric study was carried out, considering an elastic stress analysis and maximum load (P_m) prediction based on CZM modelling, considering the variation of four geometrical parameters: flat adherend thickness (t_P), stiffener thickness (t₀), overlap length (L_O) and curved deltoid radius (R), to achieve the optimal configuration. All tested parameters had a substantial effect on both stress distributions and Pm, allowing the optimal joint parameters for T-stiffeners to be determined.

Adhesive bonds are increasingly becoming an alternative to engineering applications. The increasing use of this type of joining requires suitable tools to support the design process. Among the damage criteria or models associated with the Finite Element Method, cohesive zone models (CZM) are highly effective, combining strength and toughness parameters to predict the performance of adhesive joints. In many practical situations, such as vehicle crashes, adhesive joints are subjected to impact loads. The major goal of this research is to study the influence of the cohesive parameters in predicting the strength of single-lap joints (SLJ) subjected to impact loads. By altering each of these characteristics while keeping the others constant, the influence of the cohesive parameters was investigated. The Araldite^® AV138 (high stiffness) and Nagase Chemtex^® XNR6852 E-2 (high toughness) adhesives were chosen to study the effect of differing adhesive qualities. It was found that CZM properly predicts joint impact strength and that CZM settings have a significant impact on joint strength.

Adhesive joints have been applied in several fields of industry due to their advantages over conventional mechanical fastened or welded joints. Adhesive joints have increased strength, reduced weight and are easier to fabricate. This work consists of a parametric study on the tensile strength of single-lap tubular adhesive joints bonded with three adhesives (Araldite^® AV138, Araldite^® 2015 and Sikaforce^® 7752) and different overlap lengths (L_O). The main objective is to evaluate the strength prediction abilities of the eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM), by comparison with the respective experimental results. A comparison of the results obtained with Cohesive Zone Models (CZM) is also carried out. The parametric numerical study also allows a critical evaluation of the behaviour of the adhesives studied in this type of joint, the distribution of peel (\(\sigma_y\)) and shear stresses (T_xy) for L_O=20 and 40 mm and the dissipated energy (E_diss) during the simulations until failure. The XFEM was found to be a viable and accurate method for tubular joint strength prediction when damage initiation and propagation parameters were chosen correctly.

This paper discusses results of a study of simulation modelling of orthogonal metal machining with finite element method using AdvantEdge^TM modelling software.  The AdvantEdge^TM is a validated CAE software solution for the optimization of metal cutting, enabling users to analyze machining processes in 2D and 3D environments.  The cutting process and mainly cutting forces were simulated from the initial state to steady-state, by incrementally advancing the cutting tool, while a geometrical chip-separation criterion, based on a critical distance at the tool tip criterion was implemented in the AdvantEdge^TM engine.  The objective of the study was to simulate the cutting process by applying finite element method to predict the cutting forces, Chip formation and temperature at the tool-chip interface.  A series of finite element simulations were performed in which friction was modelled and executed along the tool-chip interface. A finite element nodal procedure was adopted in simulating chip separation from the workpiece. The results of these simulations were consistent with experimental observations.  Specifically, it was found out that tool-tip zone undergoes the largest plastic strain rate deformation during machining.  It was realised that maximum temperature rises which was a product of energy dissipation due to plasticity and friction was observed to have occurred along the chip-tool interface.

Because of the high level of responsibility that bonded structures carry, it is vital to precisely forecast the fracture behavior under a variety of loads. For strength prediction purposes, numerical simulations, recurring to Cohesive Zone Models (CZM), can be performed. In this work, a numerical analysis is carried out to verify the effect of adhesive thickness (t_A) variation on the value of tensile fracture toughness (G_n^c) of a bonded joint. The cohesive properties and geometric dimensions introduced as base properties in the simulation program were also experimentally obtained by the direct method. The numerical work consists of replicating the experimental data, namely the load-displacement (P-d) curves, to validate the obtained cohesive laws for the different tested t_A. The triangular CZM was selected for this work, recurring to 2D modelling in plane-strain conditions, this being the most appropriate condition for the geometry in question. As a result of this research, CZM rules for the Sikaforce^® have been presented and confirmed for the design of bonded structures, greatly speeding up the process.