Techniques and Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 2

The study analyses Nonlinear Frequency Modulated (NLFM)waveforms designed using three-stage piecewise linear and two-stage piecewise linear and nonlinear functions against the Doppler effect and background noise. Simulations are carried out with different target speeds to study the Doppler effect. Additive White Gaussian noise is considered for background noise investigation. NLFM designed using two piecewise linear frequency modulation proved to be better than other designed waveforms in the present study.

The threshold voltage of the MOSFET is the minimum voltage required to turn on the MOSFET device. The MOSFET threshold voltage can be increased or decreased by applying the proper body potential. The body voltage is known as body bias voltage. The possible ways of body biasing are explored in this chapter. The impact of the various body bias voltages is studied on the MOSFET input characteristics and output characteristics of the MOSFET device. The MOSFET under study are 45nm channel length. This is also known as 45nm Technology. The body bias is studied in PMOS and NMOS devices. The active body bias approach is explored. Reverse body bias is explored to increase the threshold voltage of the PMOS and NMOS devices.

Leakage current in MOSFETs has a mathematical expression. The mathematical expression is complex in nature. The leakage current dependent on different parameters. The aim of this chapter is to see  how  different parameters are going to contribute to the leakage current. The leakage current occurs when the input voltage is less than the threshold voltage. The threshold voltage is a minimum gate to source voltage required to turn on the MOSFET device. The leakage current below threshold voltage is also known as the subthreshold voltage. The subthreshold leakage current depends on channel length of MOSFET, channel width, permittivity of the material, temperature, mobility of charge carriers, gate to source voltage, threshold voltage, drain to source voltage and oxide thickness. These parameters are manipulated to see the impact of these parameters is presented through the graph in MATLAB GUI.

Automation is one of the most pressing issues in any sector today. Automation is affecting almost every aspect of life, from agriculture to space technology. Plant automation is a must-have for the manufacturing business in today's internationally competitive market. It refers to the system's ability to function without human involvement at all times. We are designing a control circuit for the automation of the Gas Tunnel Kiln (GTK) using relay logics and Variable Frequency Drives (VFD's) in this paper because the current doors and movement of the transfer car in and out of the kiln are being operated manually and the temperature of the kiln is very high, making manual operation unsafe. The GTK has a vestibule on the front and the rear side. The charging and discharging of the green Insulators is being automated as a whole. The first stage is to create ladder diagrams that can be realised with hardware components and then simulate them using LADSIM - PLC Simulator.

Potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy when water is released over chutes or spillways. This energy needs to be released in order to avoid the danger of serious erosion of the downstream riverbed and the weakening of the foundation, both of which could lead to failure of the spillway and dam. For this purpose, energy dissipators must be used to reduce the kinetic of the water flow by converting the energy into highly turbulent flow and finally into thermal energy. Several techniques, such as stilling basins, can be used to release excess energy. For instance, the construction of a hydraulic leap in the stilling basin will do so. In this work, a simple method is presented for calculating the stilling basin invert elevation in relation to the elevation of the upstream water, the design discharge, and the elevation of the downstream water and tail water. To illustrate the capabilities of the design procedure, very few examples are given.

To manage the expanding wireless data traffic, every new network generation needs to make a significant improvement in area data throughput. By enhancing spectral efficiency (bit/s/Hz/cell), Massive MIMO technology can increase area throughput by at least ten times while using the same base station density and bandwidth as existing networks. The base stations are outfitted with arrays of 100 antennas to enable the spatial multiplexing of tens of user terminals, which results in these astounding gains. Using Massive MIMO technology, numerous active users may be served by a base station that has a lot of antennas. System capacity would significantly rise because to MIMO Technology's ability to concentrate sent signal energy in extremely small areas. Even while this novel idea has some exciting advantages, it also produces a fresh conflict that has attracted the interest of both academics and business. Impaired hardware and architecture, channel state information acquisition, channel feedback, immediate reciprocity, statistical reciprocity, and others [1]. This chapter describes the fundamental rationale and communication theory underlying the Massive MIMO technology.

Power system deregulation and changes of power demand on a network cause a problem on a critical load with minimum voltage profile. By locating a Distribution Generation (DG) on the networks could solved the problem by injecting electricity at the location close to the load point. Proper position on the selected substation of DG is necessary in order to achieved maximum benefit from DG. Incorrect allocation of DG on the network might result in increased of power loss and jeopardize operation of the systems. This paper introduced an ACO-algorithm for optimal location of DGs using a real rural network of Malaysia. The results from ACO validated by using Brute Force method. The methods will determine the optimum location of DG by comparing the power loss and the changes of the voltage profiles after and before locating the DG.

The concordance between experimental research and the real operating circumstances of a given model or structure forms the basis of a fundamental understanding of the mechanism of material interaction with a medium. Design of Thermal Shield Materials (TSMs) is based on some criteria such as parameters of heating and destruction of materials under minimal weight of the shield. The less its weight, the more useful space load it can deliver. Thermal shield is a ballast weight for a missile, therefore it is natural to desire to reduce the weight of TSMs without reliability loss of its thermal shield function. The performance of thermal shield structures was investigated using computations based on physical properties of materials obtained under conditions simulating a spacecraft's re-entry into the atmosphere. Physical modeling of natural conditions of thermal shield use (temperature, heating/cooling rate, composition, and pressure of gas medium) is based on the dependence of temperature T of a side surface of thermal shield on the time of descent in dense atmospheric layers. A layered fibreglass shell with a phenol-phormaldehyde matrix made up a thermal barrier. Temperature-dependent mechanical and thermophysical properties were investigated. It is possible to characterise the thermally stressed state of a cylindrical shield that is being affected by a high-temperature gas flow by simultaneously applying numerical analysis, elasticity theory, and thermal conductivity equations to solve a 3D problem. The findings demonstrated that the largest compression stresses in a fibreglass thermal shield shell are concentrated near the heated surface and are not greater than the material's strength limit at that temperature. The studies carried out were of practical importance: on the basis of the experimental and theoretical studies carried out, a new, 30% lighter, thermal protection system for the re-entry vehicle was proposed and implemented.

This article discusses the spectral features of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) for oil products in various states (solutions in seawater and thin slicks). This study was conducted to evaluate the use of LIF for the identification of oil products and the quantification of ocean pollution caused by bilge water disposal. It was discovered that the form of the LIF spectral distribution changed depending on the state of the oil product (pure fuel, slick or solution). The LIF method was calibrated at the standard measurement method of solution concentrations for the most common types of heavy and light marine fuels, and limit of detection (LoD) values were formed for each type. The solution spectra's time dynamics were investigated, and time change features were identified. The small-scale LIF sensor for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is described, with the goal of investigating the LIF for oil pollution at sea. It has been experimentally shown that the LIF method has good perspective for studying the effectiveness of the use of dispersants to eliminate oil films on the sea surface and to study the impact of oil pollution and dispersants in the elimination of oil films on the state of phytoplankton communities.