Editor(s)
Prof. Oscar Jaime Restrepo Baena
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia.

Short Biosketch

 

ISBN 978-93-49238-76-3 (Print)
ISBN 978-93-49238-38-1 (eBook)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v1


This book covers key areas of chemistry and biochemistry. The contributions by the authors include toxicity, bioadsorbents, Levafix blue CA, decolorization capacity, piper diagram, industrialization, water quality index, purification, thermodynamic functions, activity coefficients, POPSO, thermodynamic equilibrium constant, piperazine, debye-hückel constants, n-(2-acetamido)-iminodiacetic acid monosodium, electromotive-force, glycine, dissociation constant, pro-oxidant and antioxidant properties, ascorbic acid, Musca domestica larvae, gustatory assay, xanthate esters, tosylmethyl isocyanide, alkylation of amines, carbamothioates, metal ferrocyanides, metal hexacyanoferrate (II) complexes, skin infection,  natural antifungals, Allium sativum cloves, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, phenolic compound, anti-TB drug candidate, pyridinium salts, minimum inhibitory concentration, in vitro assessments for antimicrobial activity, minimal bactericidal concentration, low-oxygen recovery assay, Caco-2 permeability assay, HepG2 cytotoxicity, photocatalytic carbon chain, oxygenated linear organic chains, titanium ligand exchange. This book contains various materials suitable for students, researchers, and academicians in the fields of chemistry and biochemistry.


Chapters


The second acidic dissociation constants of protonated piperazine-N, N'-bis-2-hydroxypropane-sulfonic acid (POPSO sesquisodium salt) have been determined at 12 different temperatures (from 278.15 to 328.15) K including 310.15 K. Electromotive-force measurement technique was used employing hydrogen-silver chloride cells without liquid junction. The results of pK2 are given by the equation: pK2 = -1041.77/T + 51.0459 - 6.97646lnT. The uncertainty of the fit is \(\pm\)0.0008. At 289.15 K, pK2 = 7.8029; whereas, at 310.15 K (body temperature), pK2 = 7.6862. Thus, the buffer solutions of POPSO and its sodium salt are useful for pH control in the physiological pH region of (7.0 to 8.5). The changes of Gibbs free energy ( Go), enthalpy ( Ho), entropy ( So) and heat capacity  Cpo were computed from the temperature derivative of the pK2 for the dissociation of the zwitterionic acid POPSO\(\pm\)-3 = POPSO-4 + H+ in the standard state. At 298.15 K, these results are compared with those of similar components, which are the derivatives of the parent compounds TAURINE, PIPERAZINE and MORPHOLINE.

These results (slight increase in \(\Delta\)Cpo of POPSO) suggest that the substitution and the presence of an extra monosodium POPSO molecule in POPSO disodium salt apparently have two effects: 1) progressive increase of hydrophobic characters (tending to increase \(\Delta\)Cpo), and 2) some changes in the solvation pattern, that is, progressively greater steric hindrance (tending to increase \(\Delta\)Cpo value by exclusion of solvent).

Determining the Dissociation Constant of N-(2-Acetamido)-Iminodiacetic Acid Monosodium (ADA) at Different Temperatures from 278.15 to 328.15 K

Rabindra N. Roy, Lakshmi N. Roy, John J. Dinga, Mathew R. Medcalf, Katherine E. Hundley, Eric B. Hines, Clark B. Summers, Lucas S. Tebbe, Jamie Veliz

Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 1, 24 January 2025, Page 14-25
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v1/3472

The aim of the study is to know the Dissociation Constant of N-(2-Acetamido)-Iminodiacetic Acid Monosodium (ADA) at different temperatures. The acidic dissociation constant of N-(2-acetamido)-iminodiacetic acid monosodium (ADA) has been determined at 12 temperatures from 278.15 to 328.15 K by electromotive-force (EMF) measurements of hydrogen-silver chloride cells without liquid junction. The commercial sample of ADA was obtained from Research Organics, Inc. The analysis of the purified sample averaged 99.9%. At 298.15 K, the value of the dissociation constant (pK2) is 6.8416 ± 0.0004. In response to the need for new physiological pH standards, buffer solutions of NaADA and its disodium salt, Na2ADA would be useful for pH control in the biological region of pH 6.5 to 7.5. The pK2 values over the experimental temperature range are given as a function of the thermodynamic temperature (T) by the equation pK2 = 2943.784/T - 47.05762 + 7.72703 ln T. At 298.15 K, standard thermodynamic quantities for the dissociation process have been derived from the temperature coefficients; \(\Delta\) = 12,252 J·mol-1, \(\Delta\) = -89.9 J·K-1·mol-1 and \(\Delta\)Cp°= -148 J·K-1·mol-1. The results are interpreted and compared with those of structurally related derivatives of GLYCINE. It is concluded that the precise EMF method yields very stable, accurate, and reliable data with accuracy better than 0.04 mV in the entire temperature range. The buffer solution of NaADA + Na2ADA would be useful for the measurement of pH in biological specimens.

Background: Garlic cloves (Allium sativum) belong to the family Amaryllidaceae, a natural medicinal plant used for disease prevention against all kinds of internal infections. Preliminary screening of phytochemicals has found plenty of secondary metabolites which are present in garlic cloves. Their functional groups and mineral compositions, the potential of trace elements have been evaluated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES).

Objective: The main objective of the study was to screen the phytochemical constituents present in garlic cloves by different solvents like hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water and find the secondary metabolites with functional moieties which are present in cloves by FTIR and to identify the mineral composition by ICPOES.

Methods: The fresh bulb cloves were collected from the Local market of Tirupati, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. An aliquot of the dry extracts of garlic was used for phytochemical examinations to detect the secondary metabolites such as Alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides etc. The screening of phytochemicals, FTIR and ICPOES were done. All the methods were performed by standard protocols.

Results: The phytochemical screening of plant extracts of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water revealed the presence of steroids, saponin, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, terpenoids and carbohydrates. The results of the methanolic extract of A. sativum analysis showed rich bioactive compounds. The FTIR spectroscopic studies revealed characteristic peak values from 3500-1000 cm-1 for various functional compounds like hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxylic organosulfur and aromatic compounds in the garlic methanolic extract. The elements present in garlic play an important role in the treatment of various diseases described in the traditional medicinal system. The elemental analysis was carried out on garlic methanolic extract using the ICP-OES technique and it showed the order of abundance as K>P>Mg>Ca>Zn>Al that could enhance the curative process of ill health and the potentially toxic elements were not detected.

Conclusion: FTIR analysis identified specific functional groups in the methanolic extract of garlic, indicating that the properties revealed in this study could contribute to the treatment of various diseases. Thus, this data on garlic shows great importance to understanding the pharmacological actions and therapeutic efficacy possessed by a majority of active compounds.

People around the globe are in tremendous trouble because of unexpected changes in the physical, chemical, and natural states of the air, water, and soil. Due to the increased mortal population, industrialization, use of diseases, and man-made exertion, water is heavily contaminated with different dangerous pollutants. Disposing of contaminated jewels, filtering soils, and mining processing lead to contamination of natural water. The quality of drinking water must be checked regularly. Because of this contaminated drinking water, the mortal population suffers from varied forms of waterborne diseases. The vacuity of good quality water is a necessary point for precluding the conditions and perfecting the quality of life. It is necessary to know the details about different Physicochemical parameters such as Hydrogen ion concentration, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Bicarbonate, Chloride, Sulphate, Phosphate, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, etc. for testing water quality. Yerraguntla area of YSR Kadapa district was selected to determine the groundwater quality in both rainy and summer seasons. In the present study, the results showed that most of the Physico-chemical parameters exceeded the admissible limits of WHO. The water Quality Index showed that groundwater is not suitable for drinking purposes in all locales of the study area. The correlation measure showed the inter-relevance between various parameters that impact groundwater quality. Piper tri direct illustration showed that the groundwater of the area contains Ca-HCO3 type of mariners. So, it is necessary to adopt sound water sanitation methods in the study area.

Exploring Synergistic Effects of Natural Antifungals and Metal Ferrocyanides for Enhanced Medicinal Applications

Brij Bhushan Tewari, Sharlene Roberts, Ashish Kumar Tiwari

Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 1, 24 January 2025, Page 49-62
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v1/3395

Natural products are one of the most consistently successful sources of drug leads. In recent decades, research activity into the clinical potential of this class of compounds in disease has increased. Metal complexes offer unique opportunities due to their ability to alter pharmacology, improving efficacy and reducing the negative side effects of drug molecules. The presented book chapter aimed to report the synergistic effects of antifungal activity of medicinal plants with metal hexacyanoferrate (II) complexes against various fungal infections. Manganese, Silver and Titanium ferrocyanides were synthesized and characterized by elemental and spectral studies. The stabilities of these metal ferrocyanides were investigated in the presence of acids, bases, organic solvents, and tap and seawater in the room and at boiling temperature. The natural antifungal plants studied were Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), Cassia obtusifolia (money bush), Cassia alata (canicro bush), Tagetes patula (marigold). The natural antifungal plant extract with metal ferrocyanides complexes was found to have more antifungal properties in comparison to metal ferrocyanides and natural antifungals alone. Antifungal activity of natural antifungals, metal hexacyanoferrate (II) compound and natural antifungal metal ferrocyanide complexes were tested by a well-known cultured fungus (Aspergillus niger). The titanium ferrocyanide with neem extract and manganese ferrocyanide with money bush extract complexes were found to have maximum and minimum antifungal property, respectively. In conclusion, the antifungal activity of secondary metabolites is enhanced through interactions with metal ferrocyanides and metal ferrocyanides – natural products complexes may serve as an effective treatment for skin infections, warranting further investigation into its medicinal potential.

Effective Removal of Colour and Toxicity of Textile and Leather Dyes Using Low Cost Biosorbents

A. Mohamed Ismail, M. Loganathan, P. AgastianTheodor

Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 1, 24 January 2025, Page 63-82
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v1/3980

The main objective of this study was to identify, select and utilize various low-cost natural adsorbents such as Prawn shell waste, Rice husk, Poultry soil waste, Apricot seed and Tea powder waste as biosorbents to reduce the colour and toxicity of Textile dye Levafix Blue CA and Leather dye Brown VBR in an eco-friendly approach. The textile dye Levafix Blue CA and leather dye Brown VBR were prepared in the concentration of 500 mg/L as stock solution. The different initial dye concentrations, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/L, were prepared from stock solution by diluting with distilled water. Different Biosorbents used in this study were mixed with each dye for every concentration and were agitated and then subsequently removed by centrifugation for decolorization. The adsorbents treated, untreated textile and leather dyes were tested for the growth of P. putida and B. subtilis to evaluate their toxic effects. The formations of colonies on treated dyes indicated that the toxicity was reduced and non-formations of colonies on untreated dyes indicated that no toxicity was reduced. The result showed that the adsorption and decolorization capacity of the biosorbents were in the following order prawn shell waste>rice husk>poultry soil waste>apricot seed>tea powder waste.

Deciphering the Paradoxical Nature of Ascorbic Acid in Musca domestica Larvae

Prajakta A. Dhage, Archana A. Sharbidre

Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 1, 24 January 2025, Page 83-110
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v1/3963

Aims: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the pro-oxidant and antioxidant properties of ascorbic acid (AA) in Musca domestica larvae

Study Design: The study design involved assessing the pro-oxidant properties of M. domestica larvae by exposing them to different dosages of AA. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity was evaluated through biochemical assays conducted on both normal larvae and those challenged with D-galactose (D- gal).

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune between June 2009 and July 2010.

Methodology: The M. domestica larvae were subjected to different doses of AA to access the pro-oxidant nature. This study also investigated the antioxidant properties of AA in the D- gal induced oxidative stress condition by assessing the parameters as biochemical assays (Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione S transferase, Lipid peroxidation and Protein carbonylation)and larval survival post-treatment with AA and D- gal.

Results: A notable association was seen between larval mortality and AA concentration, with optimal survival at 20 mM and complete mortality at 100 mM, due to AA's pro-oxidant properties. At a dosage of 10 mM, AA considerably mitigated the oxidative stress generated by D-gal (p < 0.05) and preserved both pupal survival and eclosion rates.

Conclusion: The transitional behavior of AA in M. domestica larvae is concentration-dependent, with reduced concentrations improving survival rates and higher concentrations resulting in increased mortality, underscoring the necessity for meticulous dose evaluation before administration in biological systems.

Synthesis and Applications of Xanthate Esters

Toreshettahally R Swaroop, Rajaghatta N Suresh, Muddegowda Umashankara, Kanchugarakoppal S Rangappa

Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 1, 24 January 2025, Page 111-122
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v1/3943

We herein present a base-induced cycloaddition of active methylene isocyanides like tosyl methyl isocyanide and ethyl isocyanoacetate with xanthate esters for the synthesis of 5-(alkoxy)-4-(tosyl/ethoxycarbonyl)-1,3-thiazoles in DMF. In addition, we have explored xanthate esters as alkylating agents for amines in the presence of an acid catalyst. Finally, the reaction between xanthate esters and aryl methyl isocyanides produced carbamothioates in the presence of a base in DMF.

Preferred systems are catalysts that operate away from equilibrium, continuously supplied with energy and materials from inexhaustible sources such as sunlight, air, and water. This concept underpins artificial photosynthesis (AP). A novel self-organized chemical "living" system is presented that mimics natural photosynthesis by capturing CO2 and H2O from the atmosphere under ambient conditions. Using 2-phenyl indole (PI) and TiCl4 complexes activated by visible light, this system autonomously reduces CO2 with H2O protons to produce long-chain oxygenated hydrocarbons up to C17. The process begins with hydrolyzed PI/TiCl4 complexes reacting with CO2 to form organotitanium carbonates, with the 2:1 PI/TiCl4 ratio proving most effective. Visible light reduces Ti+4 to Ti3+ and Ti2+, generating hydroxyl radicals, which play a critical role in the reduction of CO2 to CO, H2CO, and CH3OH. These intermediate further couple to form C6 to C9 \(\alpha\)-carboxylic acid-\(\omega\)-aldehyde compounds, which serve as feedstocks for the subsequent synthesis of longer carbon chains (C12 to C17) through a radical mechanism. The system facilitates ligand exchange between PI and donor molecules, forming adducts involved in the photocatalytic process. Additionally, PI oligomerization contributes to the formation of functional oligomers. Over two dozen intermediates and products were identified using MALDI-TOF, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopy, highlighting the complexity of the reaction network. This catalytic system uniquely integrates organotitanium chemistry and hydroxyl radical pathways, autonomously capturing CO2 and humidity from the atmosphere while harnessing solar energy to produce valuable long-chain oxygenated hydrocarbons. This prototype offers a foundation for exploring broader applications and enhancements using other metals and ligands.

Antimycobacterial Activity of Nitrogen Heterocycles Compounds with Indolizine Skeleton

Violeta Mangalagiu, Ramona Danac, Anda-Mihaela Olaru, Dumitrela Diaconu, Ionel I. Mangalagiu

Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 1, 24 January 2025, Page 160-188
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v1/3855

During the last decades, tuberculosis (TB), a contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, become a serious threat threatening against human life and, the phenomena of drug resistance, multidrug-resistant and total drug-resistant to TB complicated the situation even worse. Within this work, a series of thirteen compounds having a monoindolizine mono-salt skeleton was designed and synthesized in order to evaluate their antimycobacterial activity. The synthesis is efficient, involving only three steps: two alkylations and one 3+2 dipolar cycloaddition. The antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv grown under aerobic conditions was evaluated, with eight compounds showing very good antimycobacterial activity. SAR correlation reveals a certain influence of the R substituent from the para position of benzoyl moiety at position 3 of the indolizine skeleton and of the R substituent from the para position of benzoyl moiety anchored on the nitrogen atom of the pyridine ring. The most active compounds are those bearing a para-halogen (chlorine or bromine)-benzoyl or a benzoyl moiety at position 3 of indolizine moiety and a para-methyl benzoyl or methoxy (in para or meta position)benzoyl moiety linked to nitrogen atom from pyridine ring. The most active five compounds (namely 6a, 6c, 6d, 6h, 6i) passed the second stage of anti-TB screening, the assay demonstrating that they are potent against both replicating and non-replicating Mtb, have a bactericidal mechanism of action, are active against drug-resistant Mtb strains, present a moderate to good activity against nontuberculous mycobacteria, a good intracellular activity, and a moderate to high cytotoxicity. Remarkably, one compound, namely 6i, have an excellent anti-TB activity in the range of nanomolar, both for MIC and IC50. For the most active compound, the monoindolizine mono-salt 6i, showing a promising anti-TB profile, a complete ADMET study has been performed. Overall the monoindolizine mono-salt 6i seems to be a good hit anti-TB drug candidate, future modifications and optimization on this structure being of high interest for obtaining new anti-tuberculosis drugs.