New Visions in Science and Technology Vol. 3

The goal of this study is to determine the dry and wet mechanical resistances after immersion in water of bricks of 15×20 x40 cm³ in sand mortar (cinder blocks) and 10×14×28 cm³ compressed laterite mortar bricks (BTC) stabilized with cement. The 28-day compressive strength values of the 12 percent cinder blocks and the 10 percent cement BTCs, according to the experimental results, are 2.55 MPa and 7.90 MPa, respectively. These values are in line with the Building Materials Centre (CMC) in N'Djamena (2.4 MPa) and the Land Materials Research Centre (CRAterre) (5 MPa) normative norms. In the presence of moisture, BTC loses only 28% of its resilience, whereas cinder blocks lose 46%. The suction capacity of the bricks varies from 2.50 to 5.02 g/cm² S^1/2 for BTC and 6.12 to 10.90 g/cm²  S^1/2 for cinder blocks. All of these values are lower than20 g/cm² S^1/2, which is the limit set by NF P 554. The results of this study reveal that, with the same cement composition, BTCs are more durable and cost-effective than cinder blocks during dry seasons as well as wet seasons. In short, this work has made it possible to highlight on the one hand, the inequality of properties that resides between the sand and laterite materials through a stabilizer, the cement and, on the other hand, the advantage of using local materials.

This chapter of the book searches the literature for instances of technologically enhanced educational environments that have used Activity Theory (AT) as a qualitative guideline to determine educational outcomes. A similar literature evaluation for technology-enhanced classrooms that employed Creative Inquiry (CI) movements as a guideline for educational data collecting is included in the essay.  Because AT and CI employ tactics such as pivotal questioning and cooperative systems, the debate begins with a description of distributed cognition.With a conclusion that highlights the similarities and contrasts of the two approaches, case examples of effective usage of AT and CI in technology-rich classrooms are offered.

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) play a key role for neuronal growth, differentiation, the survival of neurons and synaptic formation. The action of IGF-1 is most pronounced in the developing brain. In this paper we will try to give an answer to the following questions: Why are studies in children important? What clinical studies in neonatal asphyxia, infantile spasms, progressive encephalopathy–hypsarrhythmia–optical atrophy (PEHO) syndrome, infantile ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL), autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) have been carried out? Are there IGF-based therapeutic potentials? Do therapeutic approaches exist?

Objective: The pathogenesis of some neurological disorders of children leading to intellectual disability, both acute and chronic diseases, was analyzed examining IGFs in serum and CSF combined with clinical data from the Finnish study and from the literature.

In conclusion, there are now great hopes for the therapeutic use of IGF-1 for some neurological disorders, particularly ASD.

The people of Kaltungo town depend on groundwater from hand dug wells and boreholes for their water needs but children who grow up in the town during the ages of teething end up having mottled teeth.  It is being thought that the mottling of teeth is caused by chemical characteristics in the town’s sources of drinking water. For a period of 12 months, the physico-chemical properties of Kaltungo groundwater were determined. Odour, colour, taste, temperature, turbidity, and TDS were researched as physical qualities, whereas conductivity, pH, chloride, iron, copper, lead, zinc, fluoride, cadmium, nitrates, TH, total alkalinity (TA), and fluoride were studied as chemical characteristics. For the duration of the investigation, nine water samples were taken monthly, three from three manually dug wells and six from six boreholes. Except for temperature, which had a mean of 29.7°C, which was still within ambient temperature, the results showed that other physical parameters were within their maximum limits, except for iron and fluoride. The majority of the chemical values were below the suggested maximum levels. Iron concentrations ranged from 0.13 to 1.60 mg/l in hand dug wells and 0.07 to 2.35 mg/l in boreholes, while fluoride from hand dug wells ranged from 1.58 to 2.30 mg/l and from 1.29 to 1.90 mg/l in bore holes.  Iron had mean monthly values of 0.9mg/l while had 1.66 mg/l, all are above the recommended standards for iron at 0.3mg/l and fluoride at 1.5mg/l concentrations respectively. Treatments for flouride removal was carried out using alum, bone charcoal and Moringa olifera seeds as substances that can be easily accessed and affordable. Fluoride concentrations in the water were reduced when treated with dosages greater than 10g/l of raw water by between 15% and 43% reduction. It is recommended that Kaltungo groundwater should be treated for fluoride removal before consumption to avert teeth mottling.

Communication in general, and information communication in particular, can be used to achieve a variety of goals that humans have always aspired to. In a variety of methods, the strong benefits of struggling to establish basic human communication encourage harmony, love, and tranquility of living. This study examines the problems caused by so-called social networks in terms of text shortening while chatting with peers, relatives, and even parents. The study found that nearly all students questioned and asked about how text jargons affect their writing skills gave vivid accounts of how it affects their writing skills in terms of examinations, formal letter writings, and report writings (Minutes writings). According to the study, norms and regulations should be put in place to prevent its use in formal settings; students, who are at the centre of this issue, should be warned about the dangers of its use on their educational endeavours.

The polarity change in spark erosion is still a problem and is often carried out in a completely unmotivated or arbitrary manner. Primarily, the polarity designation must be assigned to the removal electrode. For EDM, this is usually the cathodic workpiece electrode. The objective of the chapter is to describe the removal conditions on the anode and cathode, and to explain the changing removal behavior of both electrodes. From this, the reversal point of the pulse duration can be determined, which is important for the material combination of the electrodes, the process energy source (PES) used and the load conditions. Experimental results with copper, aluminum and iron are compared in combination of the same and different electrode materials in order to validate the phenomenological models. In a second section, literature references are analyzed with the objective of investigating a polarity change. The direct polarities are primarily selected in order to maximize the removal and at the same time ensure low wear. Secondly, reverse polarities are used to achieve low surface roughness in finishing. In these applications, which have by far the largest share in the literature, a high level of wear must always be accepted. In the literature, the polarity is almost not associated with the PES and/or the load conditions of the PES, which neglects an important factor in the discussion of the results. Another factor that requires a polarity change is the use of electrical discharge in combination with other machining processes, such as electrochemical machining (ECM). The main removal mechanism is an additional influencing factor.

The crystal structures of a compound of (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)TiO₃ (BNT) doped with BaTiO₃ (BT) and ZrO₂ were analyzed. There were three types of samples prepared: (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)_0.93Ba_0.05Zr_0.02TiO₃ (BNBZT1), (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)_0.90Ba_0.05Zr_0.05 (BNBZT2) and (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)_0.85Ba_0.05Zr_0.10TiO₃ (BNBZT3). The samples were made utilizing Bi₂O₃, Na₂CO₃, BaCO₃, TiO_2, and ZrO₂ powders as basic materials in a solid-state reaction technique. The basic components were combined for 3 hours in an agate mortar. A 3,000 psi hydraulic press was used to turn a precursor into pellets. Pellets were calcined for an hour at 300°C, then sintered for 5 hours at 1000°C. X-ray diffraction techniques employing the Rietveld method and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the materials. The results of the research revealed that BNT doped BT and ZrO₂ had a tetragonal structure, space group I4/mcm, Volume I, No.140 with lattice parameters a = b = 5.519 (2) Å, c = 7.808 (4) Å (BNBZT1), a = b = 5.512 (1) Å, c = 7.798 (5) Å (BNBZT2) and a = b = 5.513 (1) Å, c = 7.800 (2) Å (BNBZT3). For these three samples, Ba²⁺ and Zr⁴⁺ cations entered into the BNT crystal system by partial substitution of cations (Bi, Na)²⁺. But there were also some Ti³⁺ cations in the BNBZT3 replaced by Zr⁴⁺. Ionic configuration (compound) of BNBZT1, BNBZT2 and BNBZT3 are respectively (Bi_0,45Na_0,48)_0,93Ba_0,05Zr_0,01TiO_3, (Bi_0,41Na_0,49)_0,90Ba_0,05Zr_0,03TiO₃ and (Bi_0,42Na_0,43)_0,85Ba_0,05Zr_0,01(Ti_0,97Zr_0,03)O₃.

This research suggests unconventional approach to system level self-diagnosis. Self-diagnosis at the system level has traditionally centred on determining the state of the units that are tested by other system units. The suggested approach, on the other hand, relies on the results of tests done by a system unit to determine its own condition. Since a unit examines its own status, which is fundamental in self-testing, such diagnosis is similar to self-testing in many ways. In contrast to self-testing, the proposed approach has a unit evaluate itself based on tests performed on other system units rather than on itself. Different diagnosis models with varied testing assignments and different faulty assumptions, such as permanent and intermittent faults, as well as hybrid-fault situations, are investigated. The diagnosis algorithm for determining the state of the unit has been devised, and its validity has been verified by computer simulation. Conventionally, for self-testing and self-diagnosis it is implicitly assumed that a unit includes some fault-free subsystem capable of executing the diagnosis algorithms correctly.

The Hokuriku area of Japan includes Ishikawa Prefecture. One of the challenges facing Ishikawa's tourism is increasing the number of visitors from other nations. It should be important to provide “language service” to international tourists in order to tackle this problem. In order to understand the state of language service to foreign tourists, this study investigates what linguistic characteristics can be found in English guidebooks for Kanazawa, the capital city of Ishikawa, and Toyama, which is also in Hokuriku, and compares them to the official guidebooks published by the Japan National Tourist Organization for Tokyo, Fuji, Kyoto, and Hida. In summary, a C⁺⁺ software is used to explore the frequency characteristics of character and word appearance. An exponential function is used to approximate these qualities. To determine the difficulty level and K-characteristic of each content, the percentage of Japanese junior high school necessary vocabulary and American basic vocabulary are computed.

As a result, it is obvious that English guidebooks for Hokuriku have a similar trend in terms of character-appearance to literary texts.Furthermore, the K-characteristic values for them are high, and the difficulty level, particularly for Kanazawa, is low.

The advancement of business management in the United States is intimately linked to the development of computers and network systems. There have been numerous management books published in English. If enough knowledge of the features of English in the field is acquired beforehand, reading of the texts will become easier. In this paper, several English books on management and computers are investigated to compare them in terms of metrical linguistics. In summary, a C⁺⁺ programme is used to explore the frequency characteristics of character and word appearance. An exponential function is used to approximate these qualities. To determine the difficulty level and K-characteristic of each content, the percentage of Japanese junior high school necessary vocabulary and American basic vocabulary is computed.

A Health Monitoring System (HMS) is a modern technology and an alternative to traditional patient and health management. The usage of IoT in healthcare system is playing a vital role. Using the IoT device the various health parameters of the patient can be read and stored in the cloud for various analysis purpose. The data can be analyzed using various statistical methods and machine learning algorithms. Since the data stored are of sensitive information the security of the data to be achieved. In this chapter the role of IoT, artificial intelligence or machine learning algorithms and security issues and its challenges are discussed and the research gap is identified.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a bright spot in the photovoltaics field due to the significant advancements in renewable energy and solar cell technology. Despite the fact that this relatively new technology has a bright future in using solar energy for electricity generation, its cost-effective commercialization requires extensive research. Computational modelling and simulation studies are useful in estimating the efficiency and stability of PSCs by simulating experimental circumstances in a virtual environment. SCAPS-1D software is used to simulate and analyse the performance of various Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) with a variety of back contact metals, electron transport layers and hole transport layers. This study describes the performance of PSCs with the mixed halide perovskites, CH₃NH₃PbI_3-XBr_X for X=1,2, as absorber layers by employing IGZO and CuSCN as the electron and hole transport layer respectively. The main objective of the study is to identify the device configuration with the best possible photovoltaic parameters and optimize the performance of the device further through a modelling study. The device configuration FTO/IGZO/CH₃NH₃PbI_3-XBr_X/CuSCN/Au for X=1 shows the best performance with a PCE of 15.40% and FF of 65.69%. For the CH₃NH₃PbI_3-XBr_X absorber layer, with X=1, the optimum defect density is found to be 1×10¹⁴ cm^-3. For PSCs with CH₃NH₃PbI_3-XBr_X as absorber layer with X=1, the optimum dopant density is found to be 1.0×10¹⁴ cm^-3.