Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 9

Industrialization has improved people's quality of life, but it has also resulted in an increase in pollution in the form of industrial waste. Toxic substances are generated from industry effluents, which build in soil and can last for years if not properly treated. Heavy metals, which are largely dumped into the soil from electronic industries in the form of E-waste, are among these persistent, non-degradable chemicals. Electronic industries are one of the fastest-growing industries, with a significant amount of trash produced. The majority of electronic products are made of heavy metals such as Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), and others, with Lead being the most common heavy metal found in electronic goods and being very poisonous. If the metal is not treated properly, it leaches into the soil, contaminating it and threatening the lives of the planet's flora and fauna. To avoid this, the current research focuses on the utilisation of Magnetite nanoparticles in the removal of Lead from contaminated electronic waste soils. The unique attribute of magnetite nanoparticles' strong affinity for cations allows for enhanced Lead adsorption by the nanoparticles. The current research focuses on the usage of Magnetite nanoparticles in adsorption to reduce Lead toxicity. The metal removal rate of the nanoparticles was up to 2500 ppm. The magnetite nanoparticle was discovered to be 4.3nm in size by X-ray diffraction.

In the present work, the single crystal of urea salicylic acid was grown by slow evaporation method using the mixed solvent of water and ethanol. Slow evaporation was used to create an organic non-linear optical crystal of urea salicylic acid using a mixed solvent of ethanol and water in an equal ratio. The lattice parameters of urea salicylic acid crystal were obtained by single X-ray diffraction study. The optical transmittance study revealed the good transmission window of the urea-salicylic acid and its suitability for optical applications. The nonI linear refractive index, , absorption coefficient,  and third order susceptibility,  have been measured through the Z-scan technique with He-Ne laser at . The grown urea salicylic acid crystal exhibits two photon absorption and self-defocussing performance. The Z-scan approach validated the self-defocusing nature and two photon absorption process of the produced urea salicylic acid crystal. As a result, the crystal of urea salicylic acid is a good option for optoelectronic applications.

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is a product obtained from fresh coconut that has been very famous in the market due to its several uses. The research intends to investigate VCO technologies used for production that utilizes low-pressure oil extraction that employs centrifugation, determine all the recovered materials and wastes’ percent recovery by weight in the processing of VCO, and develop a conceptual design of the production of VCO that applies to a village-scale coconut community or farm in San Pablo, Laguna, Philippines. Preparation of raw materials includes splitting and grating of coconut meat. At a low pressure of 460 psi, the oil can be extracted from the dried grated coconut meat with 11% moisture content. However, this method alone will need at least two weeks for the crude coconut oil to settle. The centrifugation method can help lessen the settling time drastically. A conceptual design for the combined method that is applicable to a village-scale setting was developed based on the investigation of VCO processing technologies by applying the shortest drying time for the comminuted coconut meat to reach the desired moisture content in a tray dryer at 29.07 minutes at a drying temperature of 70\(^{\circ}\)C as predicted by the Laplace Transform Model. Oil from dried meat can be extracted using low pressure and at 2700 RPM and 60 minutes of centrifugation that produces the clearest oil with a yield of 92.84 % v/v and a recovery of 18.43%. The VCO produced is expected to qualify in the Asian and Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) VCO Standards. The weight of all recovered materials and wastes in the VCO processing technology were all accounted for using mass balance.

The present work describes a highly sensitive stability-indicating UV-spectrometric method for the estimation of dienogest in commercial formulation. A simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate and precise stability-indicating spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of dienogest and its degradants in bulk powder and in a pharmaceutical preparation. The methods were validated over a linear range of 1 – 5 \(\mu\)g/mL and successfully applied to the determination of dienogest at 297 nm with an average percent recovery of 93.9 – 100.3. Dienogest was subjected to stress degradation under various ICH-recommended conditions. The samples generated in this manner were used for degradation studies using the developed method. The proposed methods have been validated and can be used to analyse formulations that contain dienogest. A simple, accurate, precise, robust, and rapid UV visible spectrophotometric method for estimating dienogest in pharmaceutical dosage form has been developed and validated in accordance with ICH guidelines.

The anticancer activity of 5-Nitroisatin-4-(1-(2-pyridyl)piperazinyl)-3-thiosemicarbazone (Nitistpyrdlpz) and its Cu(II) complex against breast cancer cell lines; MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 and epidermoid carcinoma; A431 showed that the complex contributed to reduce the percentage of cell viability toward all the tested cell lines but remarkable contribution toward MDA-MB-231 cell line. The IC₅₀ values of the complex and free ligand were found in the range of IC₅₀ 0.85-1.24 \(\mu\)M and IC₅₀ 3.28-3.53 \(\mu\)M, respectively. Among those cell lines, the complex may be the better anticancer agent toward MDA-MB-231 because of its action at micromolar concentration (IC₅₀  0.85 \(\mu\)M).The anticancer potency of ligands can be increased by substitution on parent isatin and pyridyl piperazinyl rings as well as their coordination to metal ions.

The use of solid supported reagents is increasing, due to their tremendous potential to offer green chemical technologies. Now-a-days, silica supported acid catalysts have gained much importance due to their high activity. Moreover, silica-supported reagents are easy to handle, less toxic, can be easily separated and reused, due to which they may play important role both in academia and industries. Silicas generally require no pre-swelling, which makes their use far simpler. As oxidative bromination of alkenes is very important in synthesizing biologically and synthetically important dibromocompounds, a simple, efficient and cost effective method has been used for the bromination of alkenes by using SiO₂ -H₂SO as solid heterogeneous catalyst.

The objective of the study presented in this paper is to provide an environment friendly procedure for oxidative bromination of alkenes. Here, solid heterogeneous catalyst is used for synthesis of dibromo compounds.

This chapter presents a harmless HPLC technique for detecting acetamiprid (ATP) and its metabolite, IM-2-1 (IM2), using an isocratic 100 % water mobile phase. Chromatographic separations were carried out on an Inertsil® WP300 C4 using water as the mobile phase and a photodiode-array detector (PDA). The total run time was < 7 min: the retention times for ATP and IM2 were 5.75 and 6.49 min, respectively. The linearity and system suitability were well within the international acceptance criteria. The detection limits were 0.013 \(\mu\)g/mL for ATP and 0.006 \(\mu\)g/mL for IM2, respectively. A safe HPLC method for simultaneously detecting ATP and IM2 was developed, and it may be applied to the quantification of animal-derived foods in the future.