Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 8

In this chapter, a thermohydraulic characterisation of a reciprocating room temperature active magnetic regenerator, with gadolinium particles used as a magnetocaloric material and water used as a heat transfer fluid, was numerically carried out. A two-dimensional transient flow model was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics software in order to determine the water flow distribution in two active magnetic regenerators of cross and parallel gadolinium particles distributions for different water inlet velocities of 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 and 0.12 m.s ^-1. The gadolinium particles have a radius of 1.5 mm and a distance from one another of 0.9 mm. Based on the simulations results of this model, a second two-dimensional transient coupled flow and heat transfer model was then developed using the same software in order to characterise the convective heat transfer in the active magnetic regenerator of cross gadolinium particles distribution for the same water inlet velocities.

Zinc oxide thin films were deposited on soda-lime glass substrates using the metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) method with zinc acetate as the precursor at temperatures of 330°C, 360°C, 390°C, and 420°C. The carrier gas was compressed air at a flow rate of 2.5 dm3 per minute. Each deposition lasted two hours and was done at atmospheric pressure. Following that, FTIR measurements were taken on the thin films to establish their structure and trend with deposition temperatures. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a simple, non-destructive technique used to identify all the elements in a material.  The measurements revealed the presence of lingering functional groups of organic, oxide and nitride origin, which prominently moderated the natural vibrational modes of the material within their respective affiliate wavenumbers, as well as three slight but evident trends in absorbance peaks, cut-off wave- length, and the existence of the functional groups with temperature. The materials created are predicted to be beneficial for improved solar cells, triggering sensor devices, p-doped zinc oxide, and other applications.

The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics holds that as long as electron diffraction fringes are monitored, they will vanish.  For a long time, no scientific papers have been published on the "electron diffraction experiment monitored by a magnetic field" (there are only popular science reports in this area). In order to verify the authenticity and inevitability of quantum state superposition and wave function collapse, electron diffraction experiments under the interference of permanent magnets were carried out. As a result, the electron diffraction fringes can be deformed and drifted by the magnetic field interference, but they will not vanish. It is apparent that measurement interference cannot cause wave-particle duality particles to collapse into whole particles. In quantum physics, this is an experimental counterexample (also a dark cloud over quantum mechanics).  Both "the existence of the superposition of quantum states" and "the superposition of quantum states cannot withstand any observation and surveillance" are questionable.

The paper focuses on conducting a critical analysis of the issues that arise when matching the classical models of statistical and phenomenological thermodynamics.

The analysis reveals that some concepts from the statistical and phenomenological methods of describing classical systems do not quite correlate with one another. Specifically, in these methods, various caloric ideal gas equations of state are used, while the possibility existing in the thermodynamic cyclic processes to obtain the same distributions both due to a change of the particle concentration and owing to a change of temperature is not allowed for in the statistical methods.

The above-mentioned difference of the equations of state is cleared away when using in the statistical functions corresponding to the canonical Gibbs equations instead of the Planck’s constant a new scale factor that depends on the parameters of a system and coincides with the Planck’s constant in going of the system to the degenerate state. The statistical entropy is transformed into one of the forms of heat capacity using this method.  The proposed multiplier depends on the parameters of a system and coincides with the Planck’s constant in a particular case in going of a classical system to the degenerate state.

In turn, it appears that the agreement of the methods under consideration in the question of the dependence of molecular distributions on particle concentration will necessitate further refinement of the physical model of ideal gas and the techniques for its statistical description.

In this chapter, we are interested in the study of instrumentation dedicated to the fuel cell especially that of the proton exchange membrane type PEM by measuring the complex impedance in order to anticipate the defects and avoid the severe problems of the stack such as the drowned or the reverse phenomenon. Thus, this work reviews the model description of the vehicle with a focus on architecture and modelling of the Powertrain. The power system of the fuel cell vehicle includes fuel cell system, DC/DC converter, the three phase inverter and the PM synchronous motor. Our Target is to minimize the hydrogen consumption of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell. In order to perform this goal, the system is controlled through an Energy Management Strategy (EMS), to minimize the fuel cell power demand transitions and therefore improves its durability. The proposed Energy management strategy is evaluated for the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle). The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed energy management strategy in reduction of the hydrogen consumption.

In the framework of optical limit approximation with inclusion of the three-nucleon force effect the general formalism of nucleus-nucleus elastic scattering is presented. A three-nucleon force profile function of interaction is used. In the case of \(\alpha\)-⁴ He scattering a reasonable agreement with the experimental data of elastic scattering differential cross section at the momenta 4.32, 5.07 and 7 GeV/c is obtained. The large value of slope parameter evaluated from the nucleon-nucleon interaction radius improve the results of calculations.   We show that the three-nucleon force effect is important and clear for \(q^2 \geq\ 0.1\)  _(GeV/c)2.

One of the main trends in modern astrophysics is the use of adaptive optics for high quality limiting characteristics of optical tools, aperture synthesis, automated image processing tools, and the creation of extremely large optical telescopes, among other things.  The suggested adjustment system can be used in optical equipment (for adaptive optics, laser mirror adjustment, customising fiber-optic systems, and so on) both on Earth and in space. Using high-precision drive in automated optical-mechanical systems helps correct image distortion caused by various types of agitation - vibratile, thermic, electromagnetic - in real time. The adjustment and vibration isolation system has the following capabilities: improved positioning accuracy in automatic mode, reduced transient process duration, active shock absorption, adjustment and stabilisation of object position, increased number of degrees of freedom during positioning and vibration isolation, self-braking hydraulic cylinders, and smaller overall dimensions. These goals were met by employing a multimotion actuator based on magnetorheological (MR) fluid that was hermetically encapsulated by metal bellows. Adjustment system can be used in ultrahigh vacuum, including open space, thanks to all-metal hermetic bellows. The paper describes the design, operational concept, dynamic performance of the MR drive, and transient process parameters during step-by-step positioning. The calculated data of the MR drive electromagnetic system are given.

It is not evident and easy to understand how cosmic gases like H-atoms, after the recombination of cosmic electrons and protons to neutral atoms, do thermodynamically behave when being embedded in a universe with an ongoing Hubble-like expansion. The physical question namely, which then is not easy to answer, is, how cosmic gas atoms in fact do recognize this expansion of the cosmic 3Dspace.

Contemporary mainstream cosmology takes for granted that gas atoms do react polytropically or even adiabatically to cosmic volume changes and thus they do get more and more tenuous and colder in accordance with gas- and thermo- dynamic laws. In this case, however, one has to face the relevant fact that cosmic gases at times of the recombination era are already nearly collisionless over scales of 10 AU. It is then questionable, how gases react to cosmic volume changes under such, nearly collision-free conditions. Therefore we derive in this chapture a kinetic transport equation to describe the evolution of the gas distribution function  \(f(t,v)\) dependent on cosmic time \(t\) and velocity space coordinates \(v\) in this specific cosmological season. The competent, partial differential equation does not allow for a solution of the distribution function in form of a separation of the two variables \(t\) and \(v\) but instead one can independently find solutions for two velocity moments of \(f(v,t)\) i.e. the density \(n(t)\) and the pressure P \((t)\)  of the gas. Then we show that using a special type of distribution functions, i.e. kappa distribution functions, for the cosmic gas we then can derive such functions as function of just their velocity moments, i.e. as functions of cosmic time. It means we understand the kinetic evolution of the cosmic gas by understanding the evolution in cosmic time of their moments. One obtains that the usual thermodynamics and gas dynamics does not hold anymore for this cosmic situation, and instead the gas develops into strongly nonthermal, non-Maxwellian distributions. This could become an interesting subject of further studies to see whether the non-Maxwellian electrons at the event of recombination give their recognizable imprints on spectral features of the CMB background radiation.

A universal regression-tensor approach is developed in the mathematical modeling of optimal parameters of chemical-technological process of complex mechanical products. In this article regression analysis differs from the traditional presentation because one of the main goals was to present more clearly geometrical device of multivariate nonlinear regression modeling (with simultaneous reduction of dimension of used pseudo-matrix). A. The testing of developed algorithms was performed on the example of multi-factorial process of low-temperature sulfur-chromium plating of precision mechanical parts.

The 3.55-keV Ly-\(\alpha\) line of the hydrogen-like ¹⁴Si can be produced in a 6x10¹² G magnetic field in close binary star systems consisting of a red giant and a neutron star. This recombination radiation to the ground Landau level is emitted by ¹⁴Si ions in the magnetic column of neutron stars in binary systems. The Ly- \(\alpha\) transition energy for hydrogen-like ¹⁴Si is calculated in magnetic fields 4x10¹² – 10¹³ G. If the 3.55-keV line is a laser line, then it can be observed up to red shifts z \(\leq\) 100. This line is probably an X-ray candle in the universe produced by a great amount of silicon in these close binary systems. The 3.55-keV line is unique due to a complex geometry in such binary systems. Laser radiation in the (1–20)-keV energy range can be also emitted by other hydrogen-like ions. A laser line is inevitably narrowed. The existence of thermal X-ray sources in space emitting lines in the keV region is also pointed out.

Since the quantum field theory was invented at the end of 1920s, attempts have been made to apply it to gravitational field. After more than 20 years, the formal quantum theory of gravity, which describes any systems as an action function in a canonical Hamiltonian method, achieved for the first time a state of completion. Contrary to the situation held for the canonical theory, a covariant treatment also was developed to deal with the physical conditions such that effects of vacuum processes must be considered. In this chapter, we start from a brief introduction to the history of construction of quantum theory of gravity and consider the applications of two quantization methods to inspiraling neutron star binary systems. Aim to investigate the mass generation of the gravitons and the corresponding quantum effects on the gravitational potential, we proposed the gravitational Higgs mechanism and calculate the quantum corrections to the Newtonian potential of wide inspiraling neutron star binaries. We mainly focus on the gravitational quantum effects on dynamics of the gravitational quanta radiated from different systems by using canonical method and on the gravitational potential of the binaries by employing the covariant treatment. The possible detections and constraints to the quantum effects are also discussed.

In the present study, the existence domain of ion-acoustic solitons (IASs), double layers (DLs) and supersolitons (SSs) is evaluated in an unmagnetised plasma having three components with cold fluid ions, cool Maxwellian electrons and hot q-nonextensive electrons by using Sagdeev potential approach. Parameter domain for the existence of IASs, DLs and their coexistence and absence of negative polarity SSs is discussed. The amplitude, width of the solitons, DLs and SSs are dependent on the Mach number and nonextensive parameter.

The Universe holds many profound mysteries which to this time are unknown to the world.  This is an attempt to view the concept of quantization of Geometry in the Universe in a very different way from the prevailing views on the subject. It is postulated that the quantum levels of geometry form a geometric progression (like a, ax, ax², ax³, ax⁴………….axⁿ) where the scale factor “a” stands for the Planck’s length    (l_P = 1.616199(97) x 10^-35m) and the common ratio “x” stands for e^{(\(\pi \sqrt{2}\))/3} . Based on observational facts it is further attempted to establish that the Geometric Quantum levels could be grouped into different scales, namely, pre-atomic scale, atomic scale, cosmic scale, super-cosmic scale, etc., with the accompanying force fields. It is further postulated that detection of any super cosmic structure with a length or diameter of the order of magnitude of 20 Billion Light Years would mean that a super-cosmic scale is present beyond the observable Universe.  This paper just describes a proposed theoretical framework for New Physics, which could ultimately explain all the observable phenomena in the Universe, without venturing into a detailed mathematical study to support the theory.  The objective of this study is to present a model of the Universe with a different outlook on quantum levels of geometry and the force fields specific to such levels.