Research Developments in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 1

Normally every human behavior is linked to the individual mental state but some behaviors that involve large number of people can be explained with Collective mental State. This collective mental state is constructed on the basis of long historical experiences, so it is usually unconscious. Collective Unconscious is a concept given by Carl Jung. The collective unconscious is also known as "a reservoir of the experiences of our species."  It refers to the retaining of ancestral experiences at unconscious which are transferred from one generation to other generation in a long course of life. Jung stated that it ranges from retaining passive record of historical experiences i.e. passive Repository the actual practical emergence in ground reality i.e. Active Substratum. The female feticide occurring at mass level in India seems to be a reflection of Substratum state of collective unconscious. It means the historical experiences that are retained in collective unconscious at passive repository unconscious state has acquired the active substratum state of collective unconscious. These experiences are specifically related to the invasions people experienced during medieval period. This link is strengthened when the female sex ratio in India is observed state wise. Female feticide is highest in North-West states and lowest in Southern states. It means that the active substratum state of collective unconscious is the strongest causative factor of female feticide in India.

This study examines earnings management of the companies using Benford’s law. This is a probability technique and used as a hand tool by the investigator. Using large sample of Indian public listed companies (34,346 firm-year observations) from 2000 to 2014, the study examines the income statement and balance sheet data whether the numbers in data follow Benford’s law distribution. Further data is segregated based on ownership concentration such as business group firms vs. standalone firms and based on firm specific parameter such as large size vs. small size firms to analysis whether the numbers in data follow Benford’s law distribution. The study uses “first digit”, “second digit” and “first two digits” analysis for examining the conformity of Benford’s law. The financial statement variables such as total assets, receivables, fixed assets, property, plant and equipment, inventory, current assets, current liabilities, sales, selling and distribution expenses, cost of goods sold, cash, earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT), direct tax, indirect tax are considered for analysis of the study. The result finds that data have anomalies under Benford’s law distribution. Further analyses indicate that business group firms indulge more data anomalies than standalone firms. Small size firms have more data anomalies than large size firms in Indian context. The anomalies of data instigate for further investigation of data.

Environmental factors like food habits, lifestyle, outdoor activity determine the important causative factors for obesity. Over the last three decades, the prevalence of childhood obesity has risen alarmingly.To learn about the impact of lifestyle habits on obesity in school-aged children and to raise awareness about the importance of living a healthy lifestyle.After obtaining permission from the authorities, a questionnaire was distributed to 200 students aged 10 to 14 in a private school. The study included 190 children. There were 23 questions, which included habits such as eating chocolate, sleeping in the afternoon, playing outdoors or indoors, a family history of obesity, mode of transportation, and so on. Two image based questions were included to know their interests towards playing outdoor games or indoor videogames and their affinity towards junk food or fresh vegetables. The response was evaluated and represented graphically. 35.2% of the students were more intrested in having junk food, 24.2% of the pupils preferred to play video games, 21.1% of the students watch TV for more than 2 hrs daily which can be considered as unhealthy lifestyle habits. 58.5% students answered that they were following good habits in terms of food or play activity from the given questionnaire. The study group were addressed after the evaluation. They were motivated to follow healthy lifestyle habits which when practiced at this age could prevent obesity risk as they grow up.

Agriculture is the Indian economy's backbone. A large segment of the Indian population is dependent on the agriculture and it allied activities for their livelihood. The Indian government is constantly attempting to improve the agricultural sector by introducing various schemes, one of which is the PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi scheme. It is the government's primary initiative aimed at doubling farmers' income. It stabilises farmers' income, allowing them to use high-yielding variety seeds and modern agricultural technologies that increase agricultural productivity. In the present study, we analyse the PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi scheme implemented in India. We used secondary data gathered from various Indian government reports as well as the PM-Kisan scheme dashboard for this purpose. In the study, descriptive statistical tools such as tables and charts were used. According to the study's findings, PM-Kisan is an ambitious scheme capable of producing significant results. It is a progressive step taken by the Indian government to improve farmers' living conditions. The amount paid to farmers under the PM-Kisan scheme, on the other hand, is insufficient. It is suggested that the amount be sufficient for a decent standard of living.

The author develops ideas, which he presented in his paper What is the Psyche? What are we Curing? and critically analyses works by Descartes, I.M. Sechenov and I.P. Pavlov, which determined our methods of studying the psyche and treating mental disorders for many centuries. Reflexes of the Brain by I.M. Sechenov and ideas of the second signal system and higher nervous activity by I.P. Pavlov are analysed in detail. The author proves that these ideas, which still influence development of psychology, psychiatry, psychotherapy and social sciences, are fallacious. The psyche is a non-material informational structure that develops in result of language programming of the brain in a social informational environment; it is the highest regulator of cognitive, emotional, behavioural and ideomotor acts, that is of social adjustment of personality in general, in accordance with requirements for language and culture in a specific society, which influence the development of the psyche.

The main cultural and historical processes in the Ancient World were determined by Eurasian communication of the Early Nomads, which combined remote regions and civilizations, forming a branched of the trans-continental channels of distribution excellence, and inventions of various goods, which stimulated the evolution, development, and production of its own vehicles.  This assumption is based on a thorough examination of relevant written, pictorial, and archaeological sources; facts support the notion that the Cimmerians of the inland areas originated in Central Asia, as well as evidence of widespread chariot and cavalry use. The historical Cimmerians are identified by the author as carriers of Karasuk archaeological culture and its derivatives.

This paper is aimed at extolling the overwhelming synergy between interpersonal communication and development while establishing that interpersonal communication is a must for meaningful and sustained development to take place. Specifically, basic concepts were defined, explained and appropriate examples given for better comprehension of the discourse. The paper goes further to discuss types of interpersonal communication, interpersonal communication in relationship, elements of interpersonal communication, and noise in communication as doing a great damage to the communication process. The paper adopted content analytical method whereby scholarly articles from books, journals and internet were analyzed. The authors advocate for channel mix whereby interpersonal communication can be mixed with the mass media and the social media for more effective sustainable development to be achieved. Finally, certain inferences and conclusions were made.

In this paper we investigate the subject of European integration, with regard to the problems resulting from the terrorist attacks by fanatic Islamists, and, more generally, the impact of the migrant/refugee problem. Prompted by the latest global financial meltdown, which also touched the Eurozone critical voices against the E.U. project, and predominantly the Euro and the Eurozone, have been raised. We will examine the risks of the E.U. project’s failure, as well as the opportunities of economic and political integration for Europe. We will also look into the impact of the proposals put forward by various analysts advocating the disintegration of the Eurozone, or in favour of the introduction of a Northern and Southern Euro. Is ‘Brexit’ proof of the failure of the project for the E.U.’s integration, or can it ultimately trigger an acceleration of European integration? Answers to this, as well as other questions pertaining to this issue, are sought in the course of the present paper. According to our analysis, the leaders of the E.U. and European societies have two options: the first one, which is more in favour, owing to the present context as well as the forces of stagnation, is a setback in the procedure of furthering European integration, with the simultaneous cancellation of the project for Europe’s democratic integration in the medium to long term.; the other option is the strengthening of European integration, with the rapid transformation of the monetary union into a new political and economic union, of the Federation type, which will constitute the most convincing and all-round response on the part of European societies to Euro-skepticism, anti-Europeanism and all forms of nationalism, seeking to dissolve, in one way or another, the Eurozone, and ultimately the E.U. The greater good of all countries, rich and poor, Northern and Southern, Eastern and Western, requires a single, democratic, European political plan: the building of our future common European home – the United States of Europe.

This paper presents an irony, that despite having authoritarian system that has worked to suppress civil society, the authoritarian government of Ethiopia was unable to do this during the period when these data were collected, in 2010.  Western theories of civil society argue that the distinctive structures of civil society in different nations are related to historical traditions shaping strong states.  In these societies civil society organizations play an important intermediary role between the state and citizens.  In Ethiopia, however, the state is weak and despite the coercive efforts of the state, civil society has remained strong.  Evidence for this is provided in this paper through interviews of people who led NGOs that were forced to lay off most of their employees after passage and implementation of the Charities and Societies Act in 2009.  These respondents argued that despite the coercive power wielded by the state, grass roots democratic organizations were so wide spread, so functionally effective, and so important to the people that they would continue on even if central offices were forced to lay off most of their paid employees.  Seven years after these interviews were carried out, claims about the strength of civil society in Ethiopia were borne out in the spring of 2018 as a new democratic government took power in Ethiopia and lifted repressive controls. Civil society is made up of a thatch or vertical and horizontal network relationships that also are tied into government.

The main objective of this work, has been to highlight the main cause why individuals, on a world scale, have entered into a swampy terrain, figuratively speaking, which seems to have no end. It is proposed to elucidate and reduce the main cause for this contradiction, since modern civilisation should have a better social integration.

After an insightful analysis, a heartless power, which in many cases is acquired through large amounts of money, very often determines not only the world’s agenda, but also much of the lives of millions of people, is here identified and characterised. In this power, which is sometimes unseen, and mainly held unlawfully by some business owners and partnerships, within which in many ways all of us participate, by putting money in first place over anything else and making it an end in itself. The most effective weapon that uses this power for its own purposes is social corruption. I show here in some way how society, influenced by this power, ignores the individual and how the individual becomes an enemy of his own organisation, which is the society. It is explained how society as we know it is in danger of extinction and how we could remedy this knotted tribulation, that the evil power itself is not interested in repressing. When the social arrangement is broken by either party, i.e. the citizen or the society disrupts this social pact, an act of corruption has been committed. Corruption is a wicked behaviour and can be known as “the act of spoiling”. I also present here a recipe that is aimed at reducing social corruption to a tolerable level.