Editor(s)
Dr. Rachid Masrour
Professor, Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Morocco.

 

ISBN 978-81-19102-32-7 (Print)
ISBN 978-81-19102-39-6 (eBook)
DOI: 10.9734/bpi/pcsr/v7

 

This book covers key areas of chemical science. The contributions by the authors include release of metal, complex hydrogel, metal adsorption, polymeric materials, biomedicine, veterinary medicine, bioengineering, antibacterial activity, bacterial contamination, fungal infections, photocatalysis, amphiphilic molecules, chemical equilibrium, pharmacological applications, amino pyridines, therapeutic applications, hydrogen bonding interactions, intermolecular interactions, quantum electrodynamics, quantum chromo dynamics, X-ray crystallography, Henry reaction. This book contains various materials suitable for students, researchers and academicians in the field of chemical science.

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Chapters


The Release of Copper, Manganese, and Iron from Complexed Acrylamide-Sodium Acrylate Hydrogels: Experimental Investigation

Nadia A. Rizk, Bothaina M. Abd El-Hady, Salwa El-Sabbagh , E. S. El-Safy

Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 7, 6 March 2023, Page 1-17
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/pcsr/v7/4117C

Acrylamide and sodium acrylate-based hydrogels have been created using gamma radiation and chemical initiation. The gamma irradiation approach was employed in the presence of triethanolamine at 1KGy, whereas the chemical method was used in the presence of ammonium persulfate at \(30^{\circ}\)C. The ability of the complexed hydrogels to bind metal ions, such as Cu2+, Mn2+, Fe2+ was examined.  Factors affecting metal ions adsorption by the gel namely, metal ion concentrations, and time of immersion were studied. The complexed gel's physical characteristics, including thermal stability, X-ray diffraction, and UV reflectance, were investigated. The hydrogel has a strong ability to adsorb metal ions in the following order: Mn2+> Cu2+> Fe2+, according to the scanning electron micrographs. Investigations were done into metal release from the complexed gel. The hydrogel created by gamma radiation has a higher propensity for metal adsorption than the hydrogel created via chemical initiation, according to the results.

The modified Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) technique was used to create thin films of zinc oxide (ZnO). The produced ZnO films' optical, structural, and antibacterial characteristics were examined in relation to their annealing temperature, which ranged from 250°C to 450°C. ZnO is one of the promising materials that have no negative impacts on human health when compared to other metals and metal oxide. Utilizing photoluminescence and UV-visible spectroscopy, optical characteristics were investigated. When compared to the bulk value, optical absorption spectra showed a blue shift, and PL tests confirmed the presence of interstitial Zn+ ion defects and oxygen ion vacancies in the produced ZnO thin films. The creation of the hexagonal phase of ZnO was shown by the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern, and it was discovered that the intensity of the film increased with an increase in annealing temperature.  Images taken using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) demonstrate the substrate's presence throughout with a structure like a flower and a pinhole-free coating.  Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E.coli) was highly dependent on the presence of interstitial Zn+ ions and for Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus) it was dependent on oxygen vacancy in the films.

Computer-assisted Potentiometric Analysis of L-leucine and Isoleucine Protonation Equilibria in SLS-water System

M. Sudha , M. Ramanaiah, P. Surya Sunitha, Y. Triveni, B. B. V. Sailaja

Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 7, 6 March 2023, Page 30-41
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/pcsr/v7/9582F

At 303 K, the effect of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) on the dissociation equilibria of L-leucine and Isoleucine was investigated at varying strengths (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5%) of SLS liquid containing 0.16 mol dm-3 NaCl. The dissociation constants were calculated with the help of the programming language MINIQUAD75, and the models that provided the best fit were identified with the use of crystallographic R factor, \(\chi\)2, skewness, and kurtosis for the purposes of statistical analysis. The values of these dissociation constants shift in micellar medium compared to those in pure water. In the case of charged micelles, the discrepancies in values have been attributed to the solvent characteristics of the interfacial and bulk phases, which include contributions from the electrostatic potential of the micelle surface. The trend of log values of step-wise dissociation constants with medium composition has been characterized using electrostatic and non-electrostatic forces acting on dissociation equilibria. Further, species abundances, dissociation dynamics, and the influence of essential factors on dissociation constants are displayed.

Studies on 4-Aminopyridinium 5-Carboxypentanoate Monohydrate

S. Alfred Cecil Raj, A. Sinthiya, Babu Varghese

Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 7, 6 March 2023, Page 42-50
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/pcsr/v7/18214D

4-Aminopyridinium-5-carboxypentanoate monohydrate salt was grown by the slow evaporation method. Through the oxygen atom of the anion 5-carboxypentanoate, the 4-aminopyridinium cation interacts with the anion. The crystal packing is stabilised by O-H…O and N-H…O hydrogen bonding. The intermolecular interactions analysed by Hirshfeld surface analysis.

Dependence of the Yukawa Potential on the Distance between Nucleons

V. G. Plekhanov

Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 7, 6 March 2023, Page 51-61
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/pcsr/v7/5561A

The dependence of the strong interaction between a neutron and a proton on the distance between them was measured for the first time. Presented results contradict the general accepted in nuclear and high - energy physics that strong force does not act on leptons. Our non - accelerator experimental results made it allowed to determine not only the binding energy of a neutron with an electron equals 0.105 eV , but also the maximum possible value of the strong interaction coupling constant equal to 2.4680.

Study on Synthesis of N–Zn, and N–Cu Complexes Involving 2-Amino Pyridine and Ethylenediamine Ligands with an Application to the Henry Reaction

Luo Mei , Tang Hai Ming , Li Qian Rong, Sun Jie, Yang Shan Zhong, Li Xue Liang

Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 7, 6 March 2023, Page 62-70
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/pcsr/v7/3260C

A series of N–Zn and N–Cu complexes with 2-amino pyridine and ethylenediamine ligands (1a-b and 2a-b) have been synthesized and characterized. These complexes were synthesized with a simple one-pot method, and the crystal structures of 1a, 1b, 2a and 2b were described using X-ray crystallography. The complexes were further examined using NMR, IR, and elemental analysis. They were applied as catalysts in the Henry reaction, and under ideal circumstances, high yields were attained.

The main aim of this study was to estimate the antioxidant capacity of some amidine derivatives, and to investigate the effect of some kinetic parameters on their antioxidant activity, using DPPH free radical scavenging method. It was investigated the effect of the concentration and the reaction time on the antioxidant activity of two selected amidines; N, N'-diphenyl benzamidine 1 and N, N'-diphenyl dodecamidine 2 a fatty alkylamidine. The study also investigated the effect of the substituents carried by the amidine moiety on their antioxidant activity. From the results obtained, we noted that all amidines tested are active as DPPH scavengers, but compounds’ concentration and reaction time influenced deeply the evaluation. At different concentrations and in all reaction times applied, antioxidant activity was more significant for amidine 1 with phenyl groups, while amidine 2 with fatty chain showed the lowest activity. In comparison with standard antioxidants, this study showed that, depending on the reaction time and concentrations used, different activity is obtained: standard antioxidants react immediately with DPPH; whereas the synthesized amidines, particularly fatty amidine need longer reaction time and higher concentrations.

This paper reports, on marked deviations in the rate of CH3OH synthesis from the CO2/H2 feed over a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 (60:30:10) catalyst observed using gas chromatographiy (GC) analysis of the product. The rate of Methanol synthesis over a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 (60:30:10) catalyst has been measured using CO2/H2 (10:90) and CO/CO2/H2 (10:10:80) streams at 433,443,453, 463 and 473K. Using the CO2/H2 stream, it requires 12x103s to achieve steady state performance; this time reduces to 5.4x103s on increasing the temperature to 463K. Using the CO/CO2/H2 stream, steady State performance is not achieved even after 14.4x103s at 433K but is achieved after 9x103s at 463K. Significant deviations from steady state behavior (~40% of steady state) are observed only at 453K and only using the CO2/H2 feed when gas chromatography (GC) is the analysis system. Oscillations are observed when the reactor output is directly connected to a flame ionisation detector (FID) at all temperatures studied using a CO2/H2 stream. Injecting CO into the CO2/H2 stream that is synthesising methanol at 473K causes a sharp spike in the rate of methanol synthesis, followed by an oscillatory relaxation to steady state behaviour. At 433 and 443K the injection of CO into the CO2/H2 stream again produce the sharply spiked increase in the rater of methanol synthesis, which returns to the baseline value without oscillations.  

Biocatalysed Stereoselective Synthesis of Chiral Nitro Alcohols

Prabha R. Salokhe, Rajeshri S. Salunkhe

Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 7, 6 March 2023, Page 105-112
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/pcsr/v7/18056D

Chiral nitro alcohols are versatile intermediates used in the synthesis of important pharmaceuticals and chiral synthones. During the past decade, the search for greener and more sustainable synthetic procedures has promoted the investigation of biocatalysed strategies for the synthesis of enantiopure nitro alcohols. In this article, stereoselective synthesis of chiral nitro alcohols by biocatalytic reduction of acetophenone and 2-, 3-, 4-nitro acetophenone, 3-nitro-4-methyl acetophenone and 3-nitro propiophenone was accomplished using Rhizopus arrhizus NCIM 878 to yield corresponding (S) -nitro alcohols in good yield and ee (70-87%). However, the biotransformation is very sensitive to the effect of substituent methyl group on aromatic ring and on side chain which proves its structure-activity relationship.

The presence of chromium in industrial effluents has become a huge problem worldwide as hexavalent chromium is highly toxic to animals due to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species in cells. The spectre of an overwhelming degradation of all aspects of the natural environment—physical, chemical, biological, and social—has been raised by human actions and the advances that have followed. One of the most important contributors to the breakdown of the components of the biosphere is environmental pollution, particularly pollution caused by chemicals. Among all chemical contaminants, heavy metals are believed to be of special ecological, biological and health significance. Unlike organic pollutants, the majority of which are susceptible to biological degradation, metal ions do not degrade into harmless end products.. To achieve the improved metal removal required by the discharge limitations, chemical precipitation is applied. It uses the fewest quantity of treatment chemicals and produces the least amount of sludge while removing the dissolved metal pollutants to the lowest levels feasible. The method is practical for removing complicated metals from wastewater.

Cr-Ti Mixed Oxides Catalyst for Transesterification of Cooking Palm Oil to Produce Fatty Acid Methyl Ester

Nasywa Yazid, Wan Zuraida Wan Kamis, Muhammad Salman Samin, Nur Alwani Ali Bashah, Muhammad Zahiruddin Ramli

Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 7, 6 March 2023, Page 119-129
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/pcsr/v7/5120B

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) or biodiesel is a renewable and environmentally friendly fuel that is alternative to diesel fuel. In this study, mixed oxides catalysts of Cr-Ti were synthesized via sol-gel method and utilized in the transesterification of cooking palm oil (CPO) in a batch process to produce FAME. The objectives were to study the effects of Cr:Ti metal ratio and aging time during catalyst preparation. The metal ratio Cr:Ti of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 0:1 and 1:0 and aging time between 1 day and 5 days contributed effects on the FAME density obtained from the reaction. The various metal ratios and aging time during catalyst synthesis had an impact on the catalyst's characteristics, including surface area, pore size, pore volume, and thermal stability. The results indicate that a Cr-Ti catalyst prepared at a 2:1 metal ratio and aged for 5 days has a FAME density of 854 kg/m3, which is within the range of biodiesel fuel property values. The catalyst has a surface area of 45.88 m2/g, pore size of 190.52 Å, and pore volume of 0.1984 cm3/g, which is sufficient to promote efficient heterogeneous catalytic activity while also being thermally stable. As a result, Cr-Ti mixed oxides have the potential to act as a heterogeneous catalyst in the production of FAME from the transesterification of CPO.

The development of synthetically important free radical precursor from persulfate catalyst is an interesting and wide-reaching exigent task. Persulfate mediated electro catalyzed oxidation of various substituted benzyl alcohols in presence of water and dichloromethane gives functionalized aromatic benzaldehyde. In terms of green energy concern, electrochemical C-H activation has been recognized to be an efficient strategy for the conversion of alcohols in presence of H2S2O8/H2O system to afford the scalable products with high regioselectivity and in good to excellent yields. The present work utilizes catalytic quantities in all scenarios and the selectivity is strongly governed by the applied potential in a simple beaker type electrolysis cell. In-situ generated water soluble per sulfate radical intermediate was well developed and a reasonable mechanism was proposed in depth. Furthermore, the conversion of aryl alcohols to corresponding aldehydes was confirmed by HPLC, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. This methodology simplifies work-up, atom economy and avoids the formation of waste products.