New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 8

In recent decades, various procedures have been introduced to improve the conditions of the cultural ponds' conditions in aquaculture. Numerous biological products, including live bacterial inocula, preparation of enzymes, extracts of plant products, and many others, are being promoted to induce water and soil quality conditioners in aquaculture ponds. However, several studies have shown no significant effect of bacterial inoculums, and also the treatment with enzymatic preparation led to an enhancement of microbial mineralization of organic matter, but no effective net production of fish was observed. Probiotics have recently been applied to aquaculture. Probiotics are the live cells or a substrate that induce its benefits by stimulating growth, digestion, and active immune response. Probiotics can also improve water and soil quality. The use of probiotics is increasingly viewed as an alternative source of antibiotic treatment, which controls pathogens through various mechanisms. The current study summarizes the role of commercial probiotic ‘Super-PS’ on water quality and soil quality maintenance during the culture of freshwater fish Pangasius hypophthalmus fingerlings.

Prostate cancer is the most prevalent non-skin cancer in men and is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Early detection of prostate cancer is largely determined by a widely used prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test and biopsy is performed for definitive diagnosis. Prostate cancer is asymptomatic in the early stage of the disease, comprises of diverse clinico-pathologic and progression features, and is characterized by a large subset of the indolent cancer type. Therefore, it is critical to develop an individualized approach for early detection, disease stratification (indolent vs. aggressive), and prediction of treatment response for prostate cancer. The present review is based on the current knowledge of available diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers in prostate cancer and discusses the clinical utility of the biomarkers in prostate cancer management. There has been remarkable progress in prostate cancer biomarker discovery, largely through advancements in genomic technologies. A rich array of prostate cancer diagnostic and prognostic tests has emerged for serum (4K, phi), urine (Progensa, T2-ERG, ExoDx, SelectMDx), and tumor tissue (ConfirmMDx, Prolaris,Oncoytype DX, Decipher). The development of these assays has created new opportunities for improving prostate cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decisions. While opening exciting opportunities, these developments also pose unique challenges in terms of selecting and incorporating these assays into the continuum of prostate cancer patient care.

The Hydroacoustic Pelagic Resources Assessment survey (Cruise 1909-11) was carried out along the Peruvian coast (03°23'S-18°21'S) between September 29 and November 15, 2019, with the involvement of three scientific research vessels from the Peruvian Marine Research Institute (Instituto del Mar del Peru, IMARPE), the R/V José Olaya Balandra, the R/V Flores Portugal, and the R/V Humboldt. We estimated anchoveta biomass using seven hydroacoustic methodologies based on the acoustic data collected by the three scientific vessels. We used the following three types of techniques in the processing and subsequent analysis of the eco-acoustic records for the frequencies of 120 and 38 kHz: stratification by isoparalitoral areas, stratification by transects, and stratification by geostatistics. The three best anchoveta biomass estimates were 8.37 million tonnes acquired with the method of stratification by isoparalitoral areas using the 120 kHz acoustic frequency data; 8.47 million tonnes obtained with the transect stratification technique using data from the 38 kHz frequency; and 8.22 million tonnes obtained with the geostatistical delta method using the 120 kHz frequency data, with coefficients of variation of 5.44 percent, 13.71 percent, and 33.21 percent, respectively. The analyses of the size distribution, the length-weight relationship of the anchovy obtained in the survey 1909-11, and the use of the Target Strength (TS) equations received special attention due to the large influence these may have on population biomass estimates regardless of the hydroacoustic technique used. Based on the findings, we conclude that the anchoveta population in the Peruvian marine ecosystem is abundant and healthy, though its abundance and, in particular, its distribution pattern may be influenced by climatic events.

The Mediterranean Basin is the second largest citrus-producing region in the world and Spain is the highest producer of this region. Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most important and devastating citrus disease worldwide, the causal agents of which are three bacteria species that belong to the genus Candidatus Liberibacter. The main transmission of these pathogens is by two psyllid vectors, Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae.

T. erytreae is a specific pest of plants from the Rutaceae family, which includes cultivated citrus. This insect has recently been detected in Mediterranean Basin countries, specifically in Spain and Portugal. The potential risk of HLB emergence has increased concern in the Spanish and Portuguese citrus growing areas, which require the performance evaluation of T. erytreae on conventional citrus rootstocks as a method for reducing the insect population. The aim of this work was to study the survival, development, oviposition and feeding preference of T. erytreae in non-grafted conventional citrus rootstocks.

This study evaluates the preference of T. erytreae in potted plants of different conventional citrus rootstocks. Thus, six different non-grafted citrus rootstocks were used for these experiments: (a) Carrizo citrange; (b) Citrus macrophylla; (c) ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin; (d) Forner-Alcaide No. 5; (e) Forner-Alcaide No. 517, and (f) Poncirus trifoliata (‘Flying Dragon’). The behavior and survival of this psyllid was evaluated through the feeding preference of T. erytreae adults for different rootstocks and oviposition and survival of T. erytreae adults on the different citrus material. T. erytreae showed a clear preference for hosting and feeding on C. macrophylla, while Carrizo citrange was the most suitable rootstock for insect reproduction and survival followed by C. macrophylla. Conversely, P. trifoliata was the least attractive rootstock to T. erytreae adults and led to significantly lower T. erytreae survival. Our results suggest that conventional citrus rootstocks, such as Carrizo citrange and C. macrophylla, could increase T. erytreae populations.

Offshore developments increasingly threaten coastal ecosystems, and the mangrove forest is one of the tropical ecosystems possessed by Indonesia in most offshore areas. This study aims to identify and analyze the Pekalongan City government's policies and principles related to mangrove conservation. The method used is empirical with descriptive-analytic interpretation by employing primary and secondary data and analyses them using qualitative methods. Research materials include data and information on regulations and policies concerning mangroves conservation accompanied by other legal materials. The results are expected to provide a framework outlook for policymakers, both the local government and communities engaged in mangrove conservation. The results of the qualitative analysis show that the provincial government regulates the damage prevention of coastal activities by establishing conservation areas. The Pekalongan Government established a mangrove forest conservation area in Kandang Panjang that was initially an unproductive shrimp farm owned by the Office of Fisheries and Marine Affairs. Mangrove forests are managed by the Department of Tourism, the Office of Fisheries and Marine Affairs, and the Office of the Environment. Functionally, the coordination team sets responsibilities and capacities to build collaboration and encourage community involvement together with the Tourism Awareness Group and the Community Monitoring Group.

Anethum graveolens is a popular herb that produces essential oil and is widely used as a flavoring agent. It contains polyphenols, which have antioxidant and carminative properties. Phytochemical screening is carried out in this work to determine the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins, etc. Lipid peroxidation is common in food products, and to prevent it, synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are used, both of which are carcinogenic in nature. As a result, there is a growing demand for plant-derived antioxidants. Anethum graveolens is a plant rich in antioxidants and the objective of the present study is to predict the antioxidant and bioactivity of Limonene, Carvone, \(\alpha\)- Phellandrene, Dillapiol, Geraniol and p-Cymene. PASS prediction tool was used for in silico studies, and bioactive compounds with Pa> 0.7 were predicted. The bioactivity score for these compounds is calculated, and their potential medicinal value is discussed using Lipinski's rule of 5 analysis. According to the findings of the study, all of the compounds have bioactivity and are potential antioxidants that could be used in the health care, cosmetic, and food and beverage industries.

Background: Swimmers have a greater risk of cutaneous melanoma than non-swimmers. Experimental investigations have been unable to explain why ultraviolet radiation (UV) is the sole cause of cutaneous melanomas in swimmers. Several writers have proposed different mechanisms as etiological factors, including the incidence of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) decomposition in hair follicles. H₂O₂ produced by keratinocytes, for example, diffuses into melanocytes and may have a role in the aetiology and pathogenesis of cutaneous melanoma. Other in vitro investigations show that in water submerged hairs, sites such as the infundibulum and at wounded hair follicles is where exogenous H₂O₂ could penetrate. The energy released by catalase during the decomposition of H₂O₂ in the eukaryotic cell has also been proposed as a factor in the development of cancer. Consumption of the seaweed Sargasum filipendula, which has antiproliferative and antioxidant characteristics, has been linked to a lower incidence of Melanoma genesis in nations like Japan, according to epidemiological research. H₂O₂ appears to be the missing attributable risk in swimmers' cutaneous melanomas according to this paper.

Methods: A literature survey was performed, which aimed to identify exogenous H₂O₂ as a key factor in the causation in cutaneous swimmers Melanoma genesis.

Results: All published theories and actual in vitro experiments in Swimmers identify H₂O₂ as essential factors for cutaneous melanoma. Exogenous H₂O₂ can enter the human hair follicle through two sites in water-submerged hairs: the hair shaft/skin junction and sites where the external follicular wall has been damaged by injury.

Conclusion: According to published data, the incidence of cutaneous melanomas in swimmers is higher than in the general population. H₂O₂ forms by the conversion of dissolved organic matter by the sun UV light in fresh or salt-water bodies. In Swimmers, spontaneously penetrating into the hair follicles. Proposed is that Melanoma tumour cells are then formed as a result of catalase decomposition of H₂O₂, and the malignant cells spread into the surrounding tissues. UV light from the sun is thought to play a secondary role, with H₂O₂ being the primary attributable risk.

Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD) in the diplopod genus Centrobolus has a positive correlation width of body size. Length, width, and rings are the main components of interspecific variation in diplopod species. Interspecific variation in size was calculated in 6 species with the aim of data sets tested for skewness and kurtosis. 28 values were positively skew and had positive kurtosis while 8 were negatively skew and 4 had negative kurtosis. In 6 cases width was positively skewed and in four cases it was negatively skewed. The length was positively skewed in all 6 species except C. titanophilus. Longer males were thought to have increased reproductive success through a female preference for the larger size when there was size assortative mating behavior.

Correlates of diplopod size include diet, copulation duration, energy expense of copulation, oxygen consumption, precipitation, sex, and temperature. Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD) in the diplopod genus Centrobolus has a positive correlation with body size and copulation duration. The objective of this study was to determine if mass correlated to copulation duration for measurements taken across one year. Intraspecific variation in mass was calculated in forest millipedes and correlated with copulation duration (R²=0.68, d.f.=7, p=0.01). Interspecific variation in mass was calculated in forest millipede species and correlated with copulation duration (R=0.6711, R²=0.4504, p=0.144473, n= 3, 3).

The objective of the present study was to describe Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD) in the diplopod genera Bicoxidens, Doratogonus, Harpagophora, Julomorpha, and Orthoporoides which has length, width, and rings as the main components of interspecific variation. Interspecific variation in size observed in B. brincki Schubart, [1] D. annulipes Carl, 1917, H. spirobolina (Karsch, 1881), J. hilaris Attems, 1928, J. panda (Attems, 1928), and O. tabulinus (Attems, 1914) and the data sets were tested for normality. Male lengths differed from female lengths in all except J. hilaris which had different widths. Juliform millipedes appear to have decreased in size over evolutionary time and this study presents an interesting finding showing sexual dimorphism based on length in larger species and sexual dimorphism based on width in the smaller species. The reason for this has to do with the constraints imposed through a cylindrical body form which can be changed more powerfully through reducing width rather than length.

A consistent effect of increasing precipitation (and resource abundance) on body size reductions is known as a water conservation hypothesis. Here the objective was to investigate a water conservation hypothesis in millipedes and make a comparison between high long-term mean annual precipitation of forest (750-1500 mm) and lower long-term mean annual precipitation of savanna (544 mm) biome species (n=29, 6). When the confounding effects of phylogeny, sexual dimorphism, sexual size dimorphism, and size were controlled/removed, differences were found between six savanna species (Bicoxidens brincki, Doratogonus annulipes, Harpagophora spirobolina, Julomorpha hilaris, J. panda, Odontopyge tabulinus: 0,35975-2,632336 mm^-1) and 29 forest species (Centrobolus: 0,000113-0,679931 mm^-1; Sphaerotherium: 1,14271-3 mm^-1) in the surface area: volume ratios. Savanna millipedes had size-independent surface area: volume ratios (0,519783 mm^-1 in males and 0,823878 mm^-1 in females). Differences occurred between size-independent savanna and size-dependent forest taxa in the surface area: volume ratios (t=3.75191, p=0.000013, n=58,12) controlling for the derivation whereby length/width increase affected surface area equally. Female savanna millipedes were longer than female forest millipedes (t=2.26165, p=0.016156, n=22, 6).

The present research aimed to study the sexual size dimorphism of Centrobolus titanophilus. Diplopoda illustrated reversed sexual size dimorphism (SSD) where one sex was larger than another. The SSD of C. titanophilus was shown from data taken in the Cape Province, South Africa. The average size of C. titanophilus was 285 41.875 mm (n=8); the smaller sex was 276.6667 40.6667 mm (n = 5) and the larger sex was 290  42.6 mm (n = 3). The absolute size was estimated (x=418.3596 mm³; y=359.3327 mm³) and used to calculate the difference between the sexes based on differences in tergite width (t=1.85901, p=0.084172, n=8). The SSD ratio for C. titanophilus was 1.164268 which differed from 1 (t=2.70801, p=0.012845, n=8).

The Tropical Conservativism Hypothesis suggests processes of speciation, extinction, and dispersal resulted in higher species richness in the tropics and declined away from the equator. Biogeographical Conservativism Hypothesis suggests that the processes invoked are not intrinsic to the tropics but were dependent on historical biogeography to determine the distribution of species richness. 77 valid species were identified as belonging to the genus Gnomeskelus to test the two hypotheses. There was a significant correlation between the number of species and latitudinal degrees away from the equator (r=-0.7145, r²=0.5105, n=77, p<0.00001). Alternatively, there may be an evolutionary preference for temperate environments appearing to have led to climatic constraints on dispersal based primarily on temperature seasonality gradients.

Centrobolus typically has prolonged copulation as a form of syn-copula mate-guarding. Variations in the copulation duration were calculated and analyzed in four species of the millipede genus Centrobolus. Mean copulation durations differed between all four species but only two species were different intra-specifically. C. inscriptus was different from C. anulatus in copulation duration coefficient of variation (CV) (F=0.41490, d.f.=114, 7, p=0.04892) and C. fulgidus and C. anulatus were different in copulation duration CV (F=0.38912, d.f.=50, 7, p=0.04836). Copulation duration was variable intra-specifically but tends to be intermediate and determining evolutionarily (interspecifically). Copulation duration was significantly correlated (Spearman’s Rho Calculator) with male and female volumes (r=1, p=0, n=4, 4; 4, 4). When I controlled for sex, I found copulation duration was significantly correlated with size (volumes) (r=0.6655, r²=0.4429, p=0.004897, n=8, 8). Larger male and female body sizes correlate with copulation duration both intra-specifically and inter- specifically in millipedes, and perhaps in animals.

Without an effective treatment, brain stroke is one of the leading causes of death. Because of the presence of phenolic compounds, Fragaria nubicola has potential antioxidant activity and may be cytoprotective against ischemia-reperfusion brain injury. Fragaria nubicola is rich in ellagic acid and phenolic compounds. We investigated the effect of fresh fruit juice of Fragaria nubicola (10 ml/kg, p.o.) and vitamin E as a reference standard drug on 30 minutes of induced ischemia followed by reperfusion using neurobehavioral tests such as neurodeficit score, beam walk test, rota rod test, hanging wire test, and elevated plus maze. Nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were the biochemical parameters measured in the brains of control and treated rats. The fresh fruit juice of Fragaria nubicola treated groups improved neurobehavioral parameters such as motor performance [neurological status, significant increase in grasping ability (P<0.05), forelimb strength (P<0.05) improvement in balance and co-ordination (P<0.05)]. The biochemical parameters in rat brains revealed a significant increase in the activity of enzymatic antioxidants such as catalase (P<0.01), superoxide dismutase (P<0.01), significant reduction in the total nitrite (P<0.01) and lipid peroxidation (P<0.01). According to the findings, the juice of F. nubicola fruits (strawberry) has the most pronounced cytoprotective activity.

Bioactive compounds of aromatic and medicinal plants were showed remarkable activity against bacteria and fungi. Medicinal plants were used to inhibit the pathogens and cure most of the diseases like diuretics and diabetics etc., Hence in the present study investigated antidiuretic activity of the Aerva lanata was analysed and discussed. In this study, total urine output in normal animas were showed 1.32±0.22 ml/kg of animal per day, but diuretic animal have 1.76 ± 0.26 ml/kg/day. It was increased 44% and stimulated the action of diuretic 1.5 fold in this study. Furosemide (Standard diuretic drug) induced percentage secretion of saline was 8.52±0.56 and urine excretion was 7.38±0.53. The active compound of Aerva lanata was showed to reduce the remarkable and reach the control value and showed antidiuretic efficiency. Total urine output in diuretic induced animal treated with 2-Decyl -1-tetra decanol was 1.30 ±0.27 ml/kg of animal per day compared to control (1.32±0.22 ml/kg of animal per day) it was decreased 2% and stimulated the action of diuretic 1 fold. The active compound of A. Lanata, 2-Decyl -1-tetra decanol induced percentage of secretion of saline was 8.76±0.52 and urine excretion was 7.49±0.48. The standard antidiuretic hormone also showed similar value of active compounds of Aerva lanata. From the investigations the Aerva lanata to be used effective cheap plant based drug for diuretic diseases.