New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

Modern IUDs began with the thermoplastic variety and extended to copper based and then progestin based varieties. Originally due to the absence of formal regulations many different sizes and types of IUD were manufactured. Nowadays due to strict regulations there are very few innovations in IUD research. For this reason current practitioners are unlikely to have the experience that I have had. This review describes the developments in IUD research from the inert plastic devices then to copper bearing devices and finally to the modern progestin containing IUDs from the experience of one researcher over a 50 year timespan. Much of this experience has been the subject of numerous publications in peer reviewed journals. The article chronicles the use of 15 different types of IUD and their subtypes, some 30 different sizes in all.

Evolution is the unifying theory in biology. Evolution has also come to be very important for the field of psychology, and may possibly be the number one theory today in psychology, having gained much recent popularity in the field. In the present study, we are interested in the sexual attitudes of male and female Hispanic college students at a university near the Mexican border. We use the term “Hispanic” because that is the most popular term used here. In other parts of the United States, “Latino” is considered more acceptable and “Hispanic” may even be seen as unacceptable. The survey was distributed in three Psychology courses, taught by their researcher instructors, who read out loud the consent paragraph at the top of the survey to all the students before letting them read it to themselves. Sexual attitudes were studied in 130 university students, at University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, a Hispanic-serving university in the Rio Grande Valley, in Texas, near the Mexican border. Males and females rated their level of agreement to 38 items on a 1-to-5 scale, in a revision of a previously used sexual attitudes scale. For the most part, these students agreed with one another, but there were some important differences, with males being more permissive than females on some items. The direction of the results showed that among our Hispanic sample, both men and women condemned partner unfaithfulness, whether it involved sexual intercourse or commitment to another. Again, this does not support Buss, who would have predicted that women, more than men, condemn the partner’s emotional investment in another, but men are more worried than women by the partner having sexual intercourse with another.

Radiotherapy, particularly concurrent chemoradiotherapy (C-CRT), significantly improves disease control and survival rates in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). However, these gains are frequently accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of serious complications impairing the patient's functionality and life quality, which mainly manifest as a result of the underlying chronic systemic inflammation. According to existing evidence, discovering novel immunological and inflammatory biomarkers before therapy may be beneficial in predicting post-treatment debilitating oral cavity complications. The use of such biomarkers might be beneficial in identifying high-risk individuals and guiding their treatment and follow-up measures. As a result, the present review aims to present the current evidence as well as the likely pathways linking chronic inflammation to the occurrence of severe long-term C-CRT complications, with a particular focus on dental losses after treatment, which may aid in identifying high-risk patients and implementing preventive or therapeutic measures for them on time.

Nutrition and diet play a major role in cancer. Dietary factors are a significant component of the identifiable attributable risks of cancer. Generally, types of nutrition are optimal nutrition and malnutrition. The study is conceptual. The main objective of the study is to explain the optimum nutrition for cancer patients. Malnutrition is also divided into undernutrition and overnutrition. Overnutrition is becoming a more frequently recognized problem in cancer patients. It is an attributable cause of more than 15% of cancer deaths. The nutrition care of cancer patients should focus on the goals of recognizing the presence and/or risk of malnutrition; assessing nutritional requirements; defining and implementing appropriate nutrition interventions while avoiding ineffective and potentially harmful therapies; maintaining function and quality of life, and improving the ability to administer effective anticancer treatments. The gut should always be the preferred route for nutrient administration. Preoperative nutritional support is beneficial to the malnourished.

Urine as a by-product of the glomeruli ultra-filtrations has a lot of stories to tell about the urinary system, therefore a urologist being concerned with the surgical aspect of the genitourinary system will extract many important and useful information through studying the urine. The art of urine examination dated back to antiquates were the physical properties as well as the chemical properties where assessed. the term uroscopy was coined to describe the using urine as the primary diagnostic tool of many disease conditions and was an extension of physical examination in arriving at the diagnosis of the pathology, Uroscopy was regarded as the mirror of medical practice for a long time. whereby a liquid and simple window physicians used to forecast and, in most cases, accurately determines the disease process, and consequently several Urological and Nephrological and Physiologic theories were postulated from urine examination. Then the importance of urinary diagnosis became exaggerated, and increasingly complex, until physicians required only the presence of urine, not patients, to diagnose disease. Uroscopy then escaped medical control, becoming first a home health aid and then a tool of uneducated practitioners. Thomas Brian led a medical rebellion against all uses of uroscopy and published a book that devastated uroscopy. Urine examination is one of the important armamentariums in the practice of urology and it is a fundamental test that is usually carried out for urology patients, it can be as simple as dipstick analysis to a complex hormonal assay. Urine examination is done worldwide as an extension of physical examination which provides a lot of information about the pathology, and both physical and chemical analysis of urine are highly informative. There are several types of urine investigations, some of which include urinalysis, urine microscopy culture and sensitivity, urine microscopy for ova or cyst of parasites, urine cytology, urine tumour antigens assays, urine hormonal assays, urine toxicology, urine quantitative measurement and urine acid fast bacilli. Uses of urine examinations in urology could be diagnostic, such as renal function test, evaluation of haematuria, stone diseases, urinary tract infections, urologic cancers and infertility or monitoring and for prognosis. Uses of urine investigations in practice of urology cannot be over emphasized as it has many revealing information of the physiology and pathology of urologic organs. Objectives of the study is to highlight the relevant role investigations of urine plays in the practice of urology from ancient times to modern day medicine.

The most common complication of both coronary angiography (CAG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN).  The aim of present study is to assess whether serum cystatin C could be used in diagnosis of CIN in patients undergoing elective CAG and/or PCI, 24 hours after the procedures.

Eighty elective cardiology patients were involved in the study (48 males, 32 females). The research was carried out in the cardiac catheterization unit of the Al-Hussein Medical City/ Karbala Health Directorate in Holy Karbala, Iraq. Clinical examination and laboratory investigations include serum creatinine, blood urea, estimated GFR and serum cystatin C.

Contrast-induced nephropathy occurred in 19 individuals (23.8%) with renal impairment ranging from grade 0 to 2. After 24 hours of angiography/angioplasty procedures, serum creatinine, cystatin C, and eGFR all increased significantly (p<0.001, 0.01 respectively). Receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed a higher area under the curve for creatinine 0.805 (95% CI=0.688, 0.921) p=0.001, 78.9% sensitivity and 60.7% specificity than serum cystatin C 0.777 (95% CI=0.673-0.881) P=0.001 sensitivity=78.9% and specificity=64%, a cutoff level of cystatin C>7 ng/ml. Cystatin C was a good biomarker for earlier diagnosis of contrast induced nephropathy.

The present case report highlights the effect of chikungunya in an infant. Chikungunya is an arboviral disease caused by the chikungunya virus, which belongs to the Togaviridae family and belongs to the genus Alpha virus. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitos carry the disease. The main causes of epidemics are virus genetic adaptation and mosquito adaptation to the cold temperature, both of which lead to enhanced infectivity and spread. Chikungunya is a self-limiting disease with complete recovery being the rule. Risk of mortality is increased by indiscriminate use of corticosteroids, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) especially aspirin, which can contribute to thrombocytopenia, gastrointestinal bleeding, nausea, vomiting and gastritis.

A bicornuate uterus is a common congenital uterine abnormality that is generally asymptomatic. Its diagnosis is primarily parclinical with the help of imaging techniques. In certain situations, it may require reconstructive surgery the purpose of this paper is to highlight the diagnostic complexity as well as the therapeutic and prognosis elements of this case. The case of a young girl carrying a pregnancy on an undetected unicollis bicornuate uterus, which was initially classified as an unruptured ectopic pregnancy, is presented here. The bicornuate uterus continues to provide diagnostic challenges, particularly in disadvantaged populations where diagnostic resources are limited.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the Effectiveness of Platelet Rich Plasma and Autologous Conditioned Serum in Decreasing Pain, Stiffness, and Improving Function in Patients with Early Osteoarthrosis Knee. Osteoarthrosis is a failure of the synovial-lined diarthrodial joint. Knee osteoarthrosis is the most common cause of chronic impairment in the elderly. Because of the extended life expectancy of the Indian population, the prevalence of osteoarthrosis is increasing. A volume of plasma with a platelet concentration higher than that of the peripheral blood is known as platelet rich plasma (Prp). Prp's efficacy in improving musculoskeletal diseases, including osteoarthrosis, has been shown in several fundamental, preclinical, and even clinical case investigations and trials.  autologous conditioned serum (Acs) is an autologous blood product enriched with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (il-1ra), a naturally occurring inhibitor of interleukin-1 (il-1). Our research on acs and platelet-rich plasma has revealed an interesting new therapy option for knee osteoarthrosis, and it has proven effective during a two-year observation period.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the chronic use of combined oral contraceptives (COC; Ethinyl estradiol and Levonorgestrel) on the indices of metabolic syndrome in adult female wistar rats; and possible therapeutic management. 

In this study, 64 female wistar rats received either distilled water, Norethindrone (NOR), COC, Intranasal insulin (INI), Metformin (MET), Saxagliptin (SAX), INI+MET and INI+SAX. The mice were divided into therapy groups after 8 weeks of COC exposure. Body weight fluctuations, fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, insulin levels, inflammatory cytokines, glycated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac), and other indicators were measured. Treatment with INI+SAX and INI+MET, reduced significantly the levels of FBG and Hb1Ac, in addition the level of insulin was significantly increased in the INI+MET groups (p \(\leq\) 0.05). Serum lipid profile analysis revealed a statistically significant decline in HDL levels, which was considerably restored in the INI+SAX group. Reduced catalase activity observed in the COC group was reversed in the INI+MET group (p \(\leq\) 0.05). A non-significant increase in the level of TNF-\(\alpha\) as a result of COC treatment was reversed by INI and INI + MET treatment.  The use of MET, SAX, and INI in conjunction has been demonstrated to reverse several MetS indices. A clinical phase is proposed in this investigation to support and confirm the preclinical findings.

A comprehensive strategy combining the use of rapid palatal expansion appliance followed by fixed appliance therapy can effectively be used to treat a bilateral maxillary posterior crossbite with severe skeletal Class II malocclusion during the growth phase, as demonstrated in this case report. A 14-year-old boy presented with a severe skeletal Class II malocclusion with an orthognathic maxilla, retrognathic mandible and a high mandibular plane angle with an Angle’s Class II division 1 subdivision malocclusion with maxillary constriction, increased overjet, deep bite and severe crowding of maxillary and mandibular incisors. The objectives were to first employ an orthopedic phase to expand the constricted maxilla to facilitate normal growth of the mandible and then continue with an orthodontic phase to correct the tooth size-arch length discrepancies in the maxillary and mandibular dental arches. To correct the bilateral posterior crossbite, a banded rapid palatal expansion appliance was initially used, and then maxillary and mandibular first premolars were extracted and Roth’s pre-adjusted edgewise appliance therapy (0.022 x 0.28-inch slot) was strapped up to address the severe tooth size-arch length discrepancy. The patient’s soft tissue profile and dentofacial esthetics  improved dramatically post treatment together with increased self-confidence and enthused self-esteem.

End-stage liver disease (ESLD) is an important cause of death worldwide and the interest in tissue engineering with decellularization/recellularization approach is currently promising one for liver regeneration. The decellularized scaffold generated from normal whole liver (nDLS) preserves the original orchestral structure and bioactive chemicals of the liver, and has the potential to create a de novo liver that is fit for transplantation after recellularization. As the lack of active ECM of the nDLS impacting seed cell survival and hemocompatibility are key hurdles for functional liver reconstruction, a novel approach needs to be formulated. This chapter provides a comprehensive outlook on how these drawbacks can be turned into the current challenges in the field, and put forward a few potentially viable options to address these challenges, mainly focusing on a novel decellularized liver scaffold (rDLS)-based liver engineering strategy. We speculate that the primary concepts necessary for advantages of the rDLS in liver reconstructing processes as compared to the nDLS. Additionally, the criteria for major obstacles in using rDLS are covered in detail.

Sound vibrations are viewed to play an important role in embryonic development. Before cochlea has been evolved haptic and mechanic skin-receptors detect amniotic fluid’s pressure-waves produced by sounds in uterus. Touching and hearing are seen as primordial and the most relevant stimuli both of mother-fetus attunement and development of fetal nervous system. Man is attuned to environmental stimuli, mainly to human speaking since embryonic period. Attunement is maintained through  energy zones (chakras) that round the body. It is thought to be the foundation of our musical  ability.

Our hypnotic susceptibility is thought to have started during the embryonic era. Movements, experiences supposed, bonding and communication patterns of both of fetus and hypnotized person are suggested to show similarities. Prenatal audio-somatosensory stimulating program facilitates newborn babies’ cognitive, emotional and bonding capacities. Nevertheless, hypnotherapy contributes to re-starting development of personality halted by trauma by virtue of regressive fetal-like experiences.