Innovations in Science and Technology Vol. 7

This paper is written mostly in an overview style in its nature thus avoiding many equations and computations, which casual readers do not necessarily understand. Paper investigates and compares side by side in detail assumptions with their logical consequences and resulting internal inconsistencies in both; the General Relativity Theory and the Metric Theory of Gravity. It is found that the GRT has many such internal inconsistencies, which have to be corrected by unusual and difficult to believe assumptions that are not backed up by a typical experience one encounters in a real life, while the MTG avoids such problems. For the readers who are interested in proofs of discussed findings the paper provides internet links to papers where such proofs are available. The key differences between the GRT and MTG theories are: the gravitational mass dependence on velocity, nature of the “empty” space, the finite or infinite size of the Universe, the existence of Black Holes (BH) with their Event Horizons (EH), the creation of Universe by the Big Bang (BB), and the relation between the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) temperature, and the Hubble constant that characterizes the velocity of receding Galaxies.   

The spatial local anomalies of the concentration ratios for isotopes ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (or eNd) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in Lukkulaisvaara intrusion (North Karelia) were discovered. The physical mechanisms and the  descriptions of the effect of an arising of the anomalies were developed and presented. The base of the proposed mechanisms is the phenomena of the migration (diffusion) of components, due to the (T, P (or D)) gradients. The description of the processes of an arising of the gradients of a temperature (T), of a pressure (P) and of a deformation (D) in the layered inhomogeneous intrusion  during its formation and evolution, were obtained. It was shown that the gradients can  induce the spatial redistribution of the chemical elements and their isotopes in the intrusion. The redistribution, in turn, can lead to the observed spatial concentration anomalies for these components , i.e to the separation of isotopes, in part. There were first obtained the expressions for the diffusion additions to the isotope´s parameter \(\xi\) (\(\xi\)Nd, in part). Greatest study objective was the discovery of separation of isotopes in natural conditions.

This paper defines the Lebesgue measure preserving Thompson monoid, denoted by \(\mathbb{G}\), which is modeled on the Thompson group \(\mathbb{F}\) except that the elements of \(\mathbb{G}\) preserve the Lebesgue measure and can be non-invertible. The paper studies the properties of \(\mathbb{G}\) of mixing, periodic points, and entropy. Specifically, we first show that for any element of \(\mathbb{G}\) topological mixing (TM) is equivalent to locally eventually onto (LEO) and that the elements of \(\mathbb{G}\) whose elements are LEO are dense in the set of continuous measure preserving maps. Next, we show that every dyadic point is preperiodic and any map in \(\mathbb{G}\) is Markov. We show that for maps in a subset of \(\mathbb{G}\) there exist periodic points with period of 3, an essential feature of chaotic maps, and we further characterize periods of periodic points of other maps in \(\mathbb{G}\). Finally, we show that the elements of \(\mathbb{G}\) which are Markov LEO maps and whose entropy values are arbitrarily close to any number greater than or equal to 2 are dense in the set of continuous measure preserving maps.

Throughout the years, individuals have truly developed to utilize Vastu Shastra for better life. They have begun to value the idea a great deal. What is the explanation for individuals utilizing and acknowledging Vastu Shastra to such an extent? What makes this custom so interesting or so fruitful? Indeed, a ton of things. Vastu Shastra can truly improve an individual's life. It is very difficult to bring Vasthu consultant to your place as they charge huge consultation fee and also to rely on single Vasthu consultant report because in market different consultants will give different suggestions and remedies. There are so many tips and FAQ's available online for Free but that doesn't solve the problem that we are facing in real time scenario. This paper presents Virtual Vasthu Pandit where the user can answer several questions raised by Artificial Intelligence Expert Systems before he/she decide to purchase a particular piece of land or not. This virtual vasthu expert systems is developed after consulting several vasthu shastra experts and online resources that also tells several remedies in their existing flat and also whether that particular flat is suitable for him/her based on the owner date of birth. This virtual vasthu consultant will be cost effective and reliable. This paper is implemented using CLIPS (C Language Integrated Production System) which is a public domain software tool for building expert system. The implementation code of this expert system also shared at the end of this chapter.

Introduction: Previous research (Danno & Taniguchi, 2015) demonstrated that near-miss incident experience was basically reduced by the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and was disturbed by the Systemizing Quotient (SQ) when the Empathy Quotient was low, based on the Empathizing and Systemizing (E-S) model using a web questionnaire survey [1]. It means that drivers with a low EQ and a high SQ had a higher rate of near-miss incidents. It was claimed that drivers with a stronger Empathizing function may have better danger perception ability, despite the fact that when Empathizing is poor, the Systemizing function may weaken hazard perception ability. The D score (standard SQ (T) score minus standard EQ (T) score) that near-miss incident was then discovered to have a considerable impact on the near-miss occurrence experience.

Method: Those findings suggested that a D score, which is used to categorise "E-S types," should be related to near-miss incident experience, i.e., hazard perception ability. The D scores were supposed to be related to the cognitive ability to estimate the mental situations of other road users and predict their behaviour, or to recognise stable laws in traffic situations. The purpose of this study was to look directly at the relationship between a driver's physical visual attention ability (gaze movement) and hazard (near-miss incident) perception ability at various D levels. Drivers' Real-time Useful Field of View (rUFOV) [2] was measured in a driving simulator with six traffic scenarios under normal and hasty driving conditions.

Results: The results of seven individuals with various D scores revealed that under hasty driving conditions, a driver's visual attention capacity (gaze movement) falls in proportion to their scores.

Conclusion: Since a D score is used to categorise "E-S types," this pilot study highlighted the prospect that individual differences in cognitive trait using the E-S model could be a promising tool for understanding the process of hazard perception.

Objective: The diagnosis of any dental pathology can range from simple to difficult. While cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is widely used, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is still a proof of concept. The purpose of this review is to compare the diagnostic ability of MRI and CBCT in the diagnosis of periapical pathosis.

Materials and Methods: To identify relevant articles from 2010 to 2020, a systematic search was conducted using the electronic databases MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Magnetic resonance imaging, cone beam computed tomography, diagnosis, and periapical diseases were the search terms used.

Results: There were 3218 potentially relevant abstracts and titles identified in total. Following the removal of duplicates, 1288 articles were reviewed for titles and abstracts, and 29 were chosen for full-text reading. From those, 19 articles were chosen for the systematic review, which included original research studies, case reports, and case series. The majority of the studies included in this review suggested that combining CBCT and MRI is required for a better and more precise diagnosis of complex periapical pathoses. The primary advantage of MRI is its ability to image soft tissues with nonionizing radiation, whereas the primary disadvantage of CBCT is overdiagnosis of the lesion.

Conclusion: MRI has several advantages over CBCT in terms of diagnostic utility. When diagnosing periapical pathogens, both MRI and CBCT are needed for an accurate diagnosis.

The dynamic behavior of post-buckled fluid-conveying pipe made of functionally graded material is analyzed. The pipe material properties are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to power-law distribution. The exact solution is obtained for the post-buckling deformation of the fluid-conveying functionally graded pipe with various boundary conditions. The linear vibration problem is solved around the first buckled configuration and the natural frequencies of the three lowest vibration modes are obtained.  The influences of power-law exponent, initial tension, fluid density, fluid velocity, Young’s modulus ratio and slenderness ratio on the static deflection and free vibration frequencies are studied.  

This article analyzes and describes the role of information security in Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. These systems integrate information flows in business organizations. Therefore, information security is an important requirement for the effective functioning of ERP systems. The author defines the methods for ensuring the protection of information in ERP systems and illustrates them with examples. Most of the largest ERP developers have already implemented specialized hardware and software solutions for guaranteed information security. The new cloud ERP systems with e-business and e-government functionalities require new solutions. Directions for developing information security in the light of new technologies are proposed.

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN technology has greatly expanded the possibility of remote healthcare monitoring systems. The devices used for WBAN have limited energy resources, and it is hard to recharge or replace the batteries in most of them. The WBAN data mostly consists of medical information requiring high reliability, security and low delay. The routing protocols play a significant role in transmitting the information.  The major goal of this research is to discover the best routing protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks by evaluating the performance of routing protocols using static IEEE 802.15.4. Investigations into different routing protocols point to cluster structure and Ad hoc On Demand Vector (AODV) as the most likely candidate. When improvements were made to consider energy and mobility, a 16 percent improvement in energy usage was discovered, resulting in high residual battery capacity and eliminating the need for recharging the batteries.

The objective of this study is to examine and report on the scientific and mathematical errors that collectively have created a prevailing view about the cosmos that is significantly in error. Because of a fundamental cosmological error dating back to 1915, currently accepted cosmology has built an elaborate structure of theories that are without foundation. The mythical big bang could not possibly have happened, galaxies are not retreating from each other, we are not on a collision course with Andromeda, and both dark matter and dark energy are fictions. Because of two mathematical oversights also dating back to 1915, general relativity has become the currently accepted explanation for gravity. Unfortunately, this geometric theory of gravity is fatally flawed. Four-dimensional spacetime does not exist, does not curve, and does not interact with gravity. Gravity does not bend light, and gravitational waves do not exist. This study conclusively proves that the following hypotheses are false: big bang theory, Hubble’s law, expansion theory, 4-D spacetime, general relativity, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background theory, gravitational waves, and Higgs boson theory. The universe is an infinite timeless expanse without boundaries of any kind and without beginning or ending. There is also a limiting distance at which light emitted from extremely distant galaxies falls beneath the visible spectrum.

Student academic performance evaluation involves several components, each based on number of imprecise judgments arising due to human (teacher/tutor) interpretation. In this Book chapter, we explore the applicability of fuzzy logic and fuzzy expert system to student allocation problem that allocates new students to homogenous groups of specified maximum capacity, and analyze effects of such allocations on the academic performance of students. The book chapter also presents a Fuzzy set and Regression analysis based Dynamic Fuzzy Expert System model which is capable of dealing with imprecision and missing data that is commonly inherited in the student academic performance evaluation. This model automatically converts crisp sets into fuzzy sets by using fuzzy C-Means clustering algorithm method.

An algorithm for the statistic analysis of acoustic noise in urban areas is considered in the article. The results of Murom street noise spectral-temporal analysis are presented. It is shown that the noise level is non-deterministic and can vary over a wide range. The aim of the work is to develop a statistic analysis algorithm that provides the presentation of the measurement data processing results related to the acoustic noise characteristics in industrial areas, expressed as a percentage, reflecting the time intervals during which the sound level was exceeded at a certain frequency. The analysis of a well-known method used to determine the noise map accuracy and reliability based on a combination of dispersion and mathematical statistics is carried out. It is concluded that the disadvantage of the method in relation to medium and large cities is that a large number of measurements are required to achieve high levels of reliability and accuracy of the analysis. It is proposed to use a statistical distribution temporal analysis, which involves recording the relative proportion of time during which the measured noise level was within each of the given scale steps. The grading levels of optimal indicators of noise propagation prediction are determined and justified. An algorithm for calculating the acoustic signal propagation range in a specific area has been developed. The methodology application will make it possible to build an urban map of agglomerations not only in terms of taking into account the noisiest areas, but in terms of predicting noise propagation deep into residential areas as well.

Paula Jean Oberbroeckling, age 18, left her Cedar Rapids apartment on July 11, 1970, and never returned. She supposedly left to run an errand but did not come back. Her body was found along the banks of the Cedar River in late November 1970. Five decades later, Paula’s family still does not know what happened to her between the time she left her apartment and the time when her body was found. The case remains an open, unsolved homicide. This paper employs environmental criminology as a tool to identify individuals linked to the case that may be able to supply authorities with more information.

Human hair is made up of a follicle embedded in the skin and a projecting shaft. It has been described as a miniorgan with its own cell divisions, metabolism, and ageing stages, finally shedding old hair and regrowing new hair from the same follicular tissue. The magnetic field created by direct current (DC) in human hair follicles was found and introduced in 1980 using advanced magnetometers. Most recently in 2015, a tabletop optical microscopy method was developed and published in 2016, thus allowing for the detection of hair follicles and shaft biolectromagnetic fields. The rejection of several exogenous materials, such as a hair follicle, keratin flakes and small iron filings amongst others by a fresh human blood smear had also been described . Qualitative images are presented where the bipolar electrical property of the shaft is documented. This finding was inferred since blood tissue carries a negative charge, thus repelled by an equal charge; experiments support a positive (+) field as triggering coagulation. The shaft is repeatedly shown in experiments to express a contralateral positive side inducing clots. Fibrin formation is also documented by images showing intricate networks indicative of blood coagulation. In conclusion, the genesis of hair shafts bipolarity is shown resulting from a “gap” in the follicle biolectromagnetic fields inhibiting energy from fully engulfing the shaft.