Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 3

Spray drying unit operations are used to produce dried powder across a wide range of material processing applications from food to fertilizer to pharmaceuticals.  In this chapter, pharmacokinetics of spray dried composition (1:1 PAL: K12) and pure PAL was evaluated following oral administration (0.8 mg/kg) in healthy female Sprague Dawley rats. The extent of mean plasma PAL exposure was 11-fold greater in animals treated with a spray dried mixture of PAL, K12 (1:1) than in animals treated with PAL. Spray drying PAL with Plasdones, particularly Plasdone K12, decreased crystallinity and enhanced bioavailability.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that worsens over time and typically affects the elderly, accounting for 60% of dementia cases in those 65 and older.  The current study focuses on thepharmacological activity of fruit peels of Citrus maxima (J.Burm.) Merr. in Scopolamine induced  Alzheimer’s disease. The Morris maze and Y Maze methods were used to examine behavioral changes in the four groups of mice. Rivastigmine was used as the standard in the investigations. Following the studies, the entire brain was homogenized and its acetyl cholinesterase content was measured. The results revealed that the ethanolic extract Citrus maxima peel has anti-alzheimer activity, with a decrease in brain acetyl cholinesterase levels, and could be used to treat Alzheimer's disease.

Phyllanthus urinaria commonly known as Bhumyamlaki has tremendous importance in folk medicine. It has been used traditionally as treatment of cough, haemorrhoids, dysentery and as liver tonic. The plant has paved the way for several new pharmacological experimental investigations. Several phytoconstituents belonging to group lignans, tannins, flavonoid, triterpenes have been isolated from the plant. This review is carried out to compile the research work carried out on the plant and to explore posse new research avenues.

COVID- 19 or novel coronavirus infection is a deadly disease which has claimed many lives. COVID-19 actually means coronavirus disease 2019. COVID-19 targets and affects multiple organs like lungs, heart, kidneyetc, thus increasing the mortality and morbidity rates.  Allopathic remedies like antivirals, steroids etc., are helpful but are not without side effects. The word Chyavanprash (CP) comprises of ‘Chyawan’ and ‘Prasha’.Chyavan represents ‘degenerative change’ and Prasha symbolises a drug. Since ancient times, the main reasons for consuming CP were to improve immunity and prolong life. CP contains approximately 50 herbs, spices, and minerals, as well as a variety of pharmacological activities on almost all organ systems of the human body.  AYUSH is a government organization that works under the Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy to promote indigenous alternative medicine systems in India. AYUSH recommends various measures to fight the novel coronavirus infection. Chyavanprash is one such important formulation proposed by AYUSH for COVID-19. The goal of this review is to highlight the constituents and pharmacological activities of CP in the prophylaxis, management, and treatment of COVID-19 by collecting and compiling published research on COVID-19.

Vitiligo is a depigmentation disorder with complex causes. Nonetheless, recent progress has been made to unravel the pathophysiology of vitiligo. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the herbs that have been used in clinical studies to treat vitiligo and highlight herbs that are known to be effective. Herbs including Ammi visnaga L., Camellia sinensis, Ginkgo biloba, and Psoralea corylifolia L. have been highlighted because of their traditional applications. The research for vitiligo drugs today requires enormous effort. We strongly believe that this chapter may help to rationalize the use of a novel herbal medicine in the treatment of vitiligo.

The present investigation analyzed a validated stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for Atenolol and Nitrendipine was developed by separating its related impurities. Atenolol is a selective beta 1 blocker that can be used alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide or with chlorthalidone for the treatment of hypertension and prevention from a heart attack.

By using Waters HPLC e-2695 quaternary pump with a PDA detector of 2998 instrument, the chromatographic separation of Atenolol, Nitrendipine and its related impurities was achieved on the column of Agilent eclipse C18 (150x4.6 mm, 3.5 µ) using gradient elution with a buffer containing 0.1percent formic acid and acetonitrile as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 1 ml/min at ambient temperature. A detector wavelength of 218 nm utilizing the PDA detector was given in the instrumental settings. Validation of the proposed method was carried out according to an International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.

In relation to the test concentration, LOD and LOQ were established for Atenolol and its impurities. The regression coefficient for the plotted calibration curves was R2>0.999, indicating that the linearity was within the limit. The results were found to be within the allowable limit as a result of determining parameters like specificity, linearity, accuracy, ruggedness, and robustness as part of method validation.  With a runtime of 40 minutes, high efficiency, and compliance with the USP's modified SST specifications, the developed method produced positive results for Atenolol, Nitrendipine, and their associated impurities. The current work's use of an Agilent eclipse C18 column has produced better analyte elution with good resolution, improved plate count, and reduced tailing.

The developed method was found to be useful for measuring active pharmaceutical ingredients and to be applicable to routine analysis (i. e, Atenolol, Nitrendipine and their related impurities). Since Atenolol, Nitrendipine, and their related impurities have no HPLC method reported in the literature, it is necessary to develop quantitative methods under various circumstances to improve specificity, selectivity, etc.

The current experiment was designed to develop and validate a simple RP-HPLC methodology for determining Cilnidipine. Cilnidipine was quantified using UV spectroscopy. Action separation of Cilnidipine was achieved by using a C18 column. Mobile phase combination of methanol: water (90:10 v/v) was tense at the flow of 1 ml/min. Detection At 241 nm, detection was carried out. In accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization's (ICH) Q2R1 recommendations, validation parameters were assessed. With a parametric value (r²) of 0.999, the standardization curve for cilnidipine was linear over the range of 2–10 mg/ml.  The tactic was noticed to be accurate (101.66% recovery), precise (intraday, 1.65 and inter day, 1.38) and robust (% RSD was calculated to be 0.66, 0.58 and 0.81 for variation in mobile phase composition, wave length and flow velocity respectively) for the analysis of Cilnidipine. The developed method has successfully completed all validation tests and can be used to estimate the presence of cilnidipine in both pharmaceutical formulations and bulk.

Antioxidant molecules are pharmacologically active and have few or no adverse effects. These are currently being sought for application in preventative medicine and food industry around the world. The plants produce a lot of antioxidants to protect themselves from the oxidative stress induced by photons and oxygen, therefore they could be a good source of novel antioxidant molecules. Traditional herbal remedies play an essential role in India's healthcare system. Ayurveda, the world's oldest medicinal system, may hold the key to discovering active and therapeutically helpful chemicals in plants. In light of the increased interest in determining the antioxidant potential of herbal medicine, we addressed 20 no. of plants that have been found to have antioxidant properties in this review. Some of the plants examined are used in combination with other herbs, while others are used alone. Certain herbs such as Aerva lanata, Amaranthus paniculatus, Coriandrum sativum and Coccinia indica are utilized as vegetables, implying that these plants may provide dietary antioxidants.

Stevia rebaudiana which is commonly known as sweet leaf herb is used to extract non caloric sweet steviol glycosides. Thus based on available reports, an attempt has been made to review on Stevia rebaudiana, its chemical composition, biosynthesis of steviol glycosides, application, cultivation, and phytochemical screening in context of its medicinal and pharmaceutical importance.

A literature search was conducted on the web using Google Scholar and PubMed as search platforms. More than two-thirds of the references are within the last fifteen years.

According to the literature, S. rebaudiana leaves contain non caloric steviol glycosides as well as pharmaceutically significant other phytochemicals. Miccropropagation is the most effective method for overcoming the limitations of traditional propagation methods. In vitro cultures have the potential to extract important phytochemicals used in the pharmaceutical, food (flavoring agents, food additives), and perfume industries.