Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

Cancer refers to the abnormal growth of cells with the invasive character, mainly developed due to failure in immune defence mechanism. The embryonic development, tumour growth and metastasis of cancer are governed by angiogenesis, that proceeds under a suitable condition of the triggering of angiogenic switch with a net balance between the pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. The current study shows that the anticancer activity of chitosan is associated with the cellular pathways of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) dysfunction and apoptosis, inhibition of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RR), induction of detoxification enzymes, immunopotentiation, anti-metastasis via the interference in cellular invasion and motility, and the natural antioxidant profile increment via the scavenging of cancer-causing free radicals. The study of the cellular pathways of anticancer activity of chitosan is crucial towards the synthetic customization and tailoring of chitosan biomaterial as a potent anticancer drug candidate. The objectives of the study lie on finding the putative cellular routes of cancer pathophysiology and proliferation, and the mechanistic approaches of anticancer activity of chitosan that are expected to be important in the field of research, specifically on chitosan based anticancer drug formulations development strategy.

A review of recent literature indicates a significant effect of air pollution on the increased incidence of dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia, encompassing both vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, is now reported as the leading cause of death in England and Wales, accounting for 12% of all registered deaths. Ambient air pollution is a pervasive and ubiquitous hazard, which has been linked to premature morbidity and a growing number of morbidity endpoints. Air pollution may be linked to neurodegeneration, and via this or other pathways, to neurodegenerative diseases. Inflammation and oxidative damage are two potential mechanisms. The mining regions of Northern Bohemia in the Czech Republic experienced extremely high air pollution levels in previous decades, and during the most recent period, Northern Moravia also experienced this issue. By combining cutting-edge molecular epidemiology techniques with a thorough examination of the lifestyle choices of the population residing in polluted areas, this specific situation could be used to study the relationship between air pollution and dementia.

Irula, are Dravidians inhabiting the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka. Their population in this region is estimated at around 200, 000 people. The Irula people ethnicity are called Irular, and speak Irula, which belongs to the Dravidian. Traditionally, the main occupation of the Irulas has been snake catching and honey collection. The study aims to assess the oral hygiene practices, and awareness of periodontal diseases and treatments among the irular population in Cuddalore. The irular population of their irular colony were enrolled in the study and were provided with a questionnaire study consisting questions related to oral hygiene practices, awareness and the subjects were assessed for oral health knowledge based on it. The results of the study are educational status 53.6% Illiterates, Occupation 56.4% Unskilled workers, Income 97% < 1865, Brushing mode 94% use tooth brush, Frequency of brushing 49.1% once, Method of brushing 43.6% horizontal, Types of tooth paste 50% non – medicated , Other oral hygiene aids 81.8% no usage of other aids _. Our study population clearly demonstrates that 89% of the Irular population had poor knowledge about various aspects of periodontal health and oral hygiene practices.

This chapter aims to assess the safety of early discharge after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in selected low-risk patients in the population of Karachi, Pakistan.

In this study, 600 low-risk patients who underwent primary PCI and were released within 48 hours were continuously monitored for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) after 7, and then after 30 days.

In this study, the sample consisted of 81.8% (491) male patients with mean age of 54.89 ± 11.08 years. Killip class was I in 90% (540) of the patients. The findings showed that majority of patients (84%) were discharged within 24 hours of the procedure. Loss to follow-up after rate at 7 and 30 days was 4% (24) and 4.3% (26) respectively. Cumulative MACE rate after 7 and 30 days was noticed in 3.5% and 4.9%, all-cause mortality in 1.4% and 2.3%, cerebrovascular events in 0.9% and 1.4%, unplanned revascularization in 0.9% and 1.2%, re-infarction in 0.3% and 0.5%, unplanned re-hospitalization in 0.5% and 0.5%, and bleeding events in 0.5% and 0.5% of the patients respectively.

It was discovered that very early (\(\le\) 24 hours) discharge after primary PCI for low-risk patients is a safe method when subjected to careful pre-discharge risk assessment, with a low rate of MACE after 7 and 30 days.

This study should prove that consumption of gonadotropins is less and the time of ovulation induction is less so less cost effect benefit. ART (IVF/ ICSI) is a multistep process involving ovarian stimulation, ovulation induction, collection of oocytes, fertilization with sperm, and transfer of the fertilized oocytes to the uterus for implantation and maturation.

With the advent of numerous ovarian stimulation protocols, the pregnancy outcome has significantly improved. Pituitary downregulation gives better results in terms of oocyte quantity and quality, which results in more embryos and more embryos being frozen for later transfer to the patient's uterus.

From literature we found that pregnancy outcome in minimal stimulation protocol gives almost the same result, especially in advanced patients age with less side effect. In our study on 1652 patients who admitted for ICSI and started their ovarian stimulation by HMG or FSH without pituitary down regulation protocol. This protocol gives the pregnancy outcome same as in the other protocols with less side effects and low coast. The recent development of GnRH antagonists has offered an alternative approach in IVF treatment with no significant difference in pregnancy outcome. The use of antagonist protocol to be safer in PCO patients.

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of Globifert forte in pregnant women with IDA.

A lower level of iron in the human body causes anaemia, which is defined as a reduction in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) or haemoglobin. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of Globifert forte (oral iron intake) in treating pregnant patients with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). A relatively new medication called Globifert Forte is taken orally to treat anaemia and IDA. Globifert forte oral administration has some restrictions. Blood transfusions are only to be used in the most severe cases of symptomatic anaemia as a last resort.

This is a prospective, single centre, open and non-comparator study in Lamis Clinic and Said Hospital, Misurata, Libya. We included a total of 100 pregnant ladies with IDA for a time period of 12 weeks. In this prospective study 100 pregnant women were involved. All of them were given Globifert fort tablets during the study period of 12 weeks.

Hb level have reached the target level within a short period of time with very minor side effects or discomfort. Side effects of oral iron supplements had not been seen during the study time such as gastrointestinal effect, thus showing the safety of the drug in the pregnant women and its acceptance from the patients.

Globifert forte has been found very suitable, effective and convenient in treatment of IDA during antenatal care. This study revealed significant improvement of anemia as Hb level and its symptoms in pregnant women given calculated dose of Globifert forte tablets. It was safe, tolerable and well accepted.

The presnt study aimed to look at the possible effects of micronutrients on semen parameters including sperm count, motility, and morphology to improve male infertility. WHO defines infertility as the inability to achieve pregnancy within 12 months of regular sexual intercourse for couples in conception. Infertility affects 13–20% of couples in Poland and around the world, regardless of race or ethnicity. This study started from the 1st of March 2016 until 30th of November 2016 (6 six months was the period of taking the treatment) while the duration time of the study including the follow up and the examination period was 9 nine months.

In this clinical trial included male subjects aged from 20 to 60 years with at least 1 year of infertility and abnormal semen analysis who received 3 -6 months’ treatment with a Cyclofert men that contains (l-carnitine l-tartarate 1g, N – Asetyl - cysteine 600 mg, 40 mg zinc, Lycopene 20 mg, 60 mg vitamin E, 200 mg vitamin C, 80 mg glutathione, 200 \(\mu\)g selenium, 100 mg coenzyme Q10 and 400 \(\mu\)g folic acid. Theses micronutrients were given in a form of two tablets/ twice a day for 6 months). Sperm parameters (count, motility, and morphology) and pregnancy incidence were monitored before and after treatment. After three and six months of treatment, the data gathered indicated that there was an overall progressive motility. Furthermore, compared to the untreated group, the sperm count rose by 64% after three months and 88% after six months (\(\alpha\) = 0.00, 1, at P 0.05). Additionally, treatment for three and six months markedly improved the morphology of the sperm (p 0.05). Following six months of treatment, 30% of women were able to become pregnant thanks to these beneficial changes. However, the length of treatment has a direct correlation with each of these improvements. The pregnancy incidence has been increased compared to the untreated group. This treatment improved also the pregnancy status in which it caused an elevation in the number of pregnant spouses compared with untreated ones.

The purpose of this study was to describe the surgical outcomes and prerequisites for total hip replacement in active hip tuberculosis. We carried out a quasi-experimental study. The study included 40 patients with 42 active tuberculosis hips at stage IV treated by total hip replacement from October 2016 to December 2019 at the National Lung Hospital. We analyzed the patients' surgical results after at least a year of follow-up, looked into the logistic regression analysis of the factors influencing these outcomes. According to the surgical outcomes, 37 patients (88.1%) had excellent hip function, no abscesses, and no sinus tract formation. Sinus tract formations were found in four cases (9.5%). They were associated to preoperative tuberculosis infection syndrome, according to binary logistic regression analysis. Total hip replacement is an effective and promising therapeutic option for active hip tuberculosis. Before performing a total hip replacement, surgeons should think about treating their patients' ailments, giving them antitubercular medication, and performing an arthrotomy to drain all abscesses, and lessen the risk of developing tuberculosis infection syndrome and an inflammatory reaction.

The protective immune response and disease outcome are known to be counterbalanced by regulatory T cells. The role of naturally occurring regulatory cells CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ in malaria infection remains debatable. ICOS molecule has been demonstrated to play a role in the growth and function of regulatory T cells and helps T regulatory cells to produce more IL-10. This work investigates the role of ICOS-dependent regulatory CD4⁺ICOS⁺Foxp3⁺ T cells in resistance and susceptibility to the malaria parasite. Here, the expression of CD4⁺ICOS⁺ Foxp3 ⁺ T regulatory cells in lethal and non-lethal malaria parasite infection was examined. During lethal infection, CD4⁺ICOS⁺ T cells increase as the disease progress. Whereas, in non-lethal parasite infection, along with the reduction in parasitaemia after day 7 post-infection, ICOS expression was also decreases. In lethal parasitic infection, the frequency of CD4 ⁺ICOS⁺FoxP3⁺ T regulatory cells was substantially higher compared to the non-lethal parasitic infection. Moreover, there was noteworthy difference in the cytokine’s profiles of both lethal and non-lethal infections. In non-lethal infection, the expression of (IL-12) interlukin-12⁺ CD4⁺T cells was increases substantially, when compared to the lethal malaria infection. The relative frequency of IL-10⁺CD4⁺T cells was significantly higher in lethal parasite infection with subsequently high serum levels of IL-10 cytokines. Overall, these findings suggest that during lethal parasite infection, CD4⁺ICOS⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells induce an immunosuppressive environment in the host immune system, than enables the pathogen to sustain and enhances parasite survival.