Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

The present case report discuss about Caries sicca, tuberculosis of glenohumeral joint. In India, tuberculosis is very common. Shoulder TB, albeit uncommon among skeletal tuberculosis, should be considered while diagnosing and treating Caries Sicca patients. A twenty-year-old woman reported with non-traumatic pain in her right shoulder and severe shoulder Range of Movement (ROM) restriction that was not responding to treatment. Caries Sicca was discovered after a thorough examination. Excellent results can be achieved with thorough debridement, adequate immobilization, and Anti Tubercular Treatment (ATT). Carries Sicca patients require a high level of suspicion to be diagnosed. Early detection and treatment yield fantastic results. In our case thorough debridement and immobilization was advised for 8 weeks along with ATT. After 8 weeks gentle active movements were started. Six months after the treatment there were no symptoms and fairly good ROM.

Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a malignant extramedullary tumor made up of immature myeloid cells. It may occur before, concurrently with, or after acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in a de novo instance, or it may be present and the only symptom of recurrent AML, myelodysplastic syndrome, or chronic myeloid leukemia. The skin, orbit, bone, periosteum, lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract, soft tissue, central nervous system, and testis are all frequently affected.  MS is a difficult diagnosis to make because of its many symptoms and localisation, as well as the lack of a diagnostic protocol. This is especially true in patients who do not have initial bone marrow involvement. The precise diagnosis of MS is critical for optimal treatment, which is frequently delayed due to a high risk of misdiagnosis. We presented three examples of MS derived from the spine, each with back pain, paraplegia, and paraparesis, as well as a review of the literature. A larger number of patients in a multinational trial are needed to completely understand the characteristics of isolated MS and to develop novel and targeted treatments.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of ultramarathon running on the structures of the normal knee and on any pre-existing abnormalities of the knee using magnetic resonance (MR)imaging. It was hypothesized that the race aggravates the overuse injuries specific to marathon running but does not affect the MR appearance of pre-existing or healed knee injuries. The knees of ten prospectively selected participants who completed a Comrades Marathon in the period between 1997 and 2002 were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging. Participants knees were scanned 48 hours prior to the race, 48 hours subsequent to the race and one month following the race. MR imaging scores of all knee injuries detected on the scans immediately prior to the race were compared with the scores after the race. It was found that all knees scanned demonstrated the presence of an abnormal amount of joint fluid before the race. This amount was found to be further increased immediately after the race in five runners and remained unchanged in the other five. Five runners had reduced joint fluid and five had remained unchanged one month later; however the runners in each of these five groups were not the same as those in the post-race groups. Four runners had increased signal intensity in the distal patellar and quadriceps tendons before the event, while six athletes had increased or kept the same on post-race scans. On scans conducted one month later, there was a drop in signal intensity in three runners, with complete resolution in two and no change in one runner. Old, healed injuries to ligaments, tendons or other knee structures were unaffected by the race.

In conclusion, it appears that the event has a detrimental effect on those runners who start the ultramarathon with tendinopathy, which worsens by MRI criteria on the post-race scan. One month after the race, the scan appearance of the overuse injury had either improved or resolved completely. Bone bruising or meniscal damage does not appear to occur in the knees of runners as a result of competing in the Comrades Marathon.

The aim of the present study is to determine risk factors association with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as compared with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and to compare the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid and erythromycin to MRSA and MSSA. A prospective study of nine months was conducted. The investigation comprised Staphylococcus aureus strains with clinical association that were identified from hospitalized individuals. E-test was used to determine the MIC of vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, and erythromycin (HIMEDIA). A pre-set approach was used to assess risk variables such as immunosuppression, previous hospitalization, surgical technique performed, invasive devices, and antibiotic medication. The study comprised a total of 62 S. aureus strains. Methicillin resistance was found in 40% of S. aureus strains. MRSA was found to be highly linked with risk factors, invasive equipment, past hospitalization, and comorbid illness. Immunosuppression and antimicrobial therapy were found to have a marginally significant relationship. MRSA showed erythromycin resistance in 56 percent of cases, however MSSA showed no resistance. Teicoplanin MIC50 values and mean MIC were reported to be the lowest in vitro against MRSA and MSSA when compared to vancomycin and linezolid. Teicoplanin has not been established to be more effective than vancomycin in terms of clinical and microbiological cure, but it has a better toxicity profile and a lower risk of side effects. Minimizing risk factors and focusing on alternative drugs and infection control methods may help in MRSA infection management.

Devastating droughts have been ravaging Africa for decades. Ethiopia is the worst-hit country as it’s  economy predominantly depends on rain-fed farming and livestock. The agriculture sector contributes nearly 85% of the country’s livelihoods. The drought has threatened agro-economy and health of over 15 million agro-pastoralist population who herd the largest livestock in Africa. While foreign aids could be a temporary relief, Sendai framework for Disaster Risk Reduction prioritizes proactive response to promote resilience for the affected people. Applying a population health equity approach can serve the purpose by exploring the determinants, their impacts on the differential health outcomes for the population sub-groups and addressing the health inequity to improve the overall health of the population. Our objective was to identify the critical population health outcomes, underlying determinants, and the leverage points for actions that could guide effective policies interventions for building health resilience for the vulnerable agro-pastoralist population in Ethiopia. To summarize and assess the quality of data, we utilized the PRISMA and Hamilton tools, respectively.  We used disaster vulnerability and the WHO's socioeconomic determinants of health and health equity frameworks to synthesize evidence  Our analyses showed that to identify policy and leverage areas for effective population health interventions, researchers looked at socioeconomic, political, and cultural backgrounds. Health issues are diverse that revolve around the major determinants of health such as food security, infrastructure, health systems, disaster preparedness, household productivity or income, livestock dependence and access to the market economy. The socioeconomic, political, and cultural environments - all have an impact on these factors. Despite extreme vulnerability and health inequalities, modern public health field practices have yielded some potentials for policy solutions. To achieve the greatest impact on health resilience, the recommended interventions might be guided by an interdisciplinary population health approach. Evidence from Africa's worst drought niche can help address comparable drought-related health challenges in other parts of the continent.

The objectives of this study were to explore the mechanisms of wound healing, and to seek wound heading metabolites as the right medicines for the therapy of diseases arising due to the collapse of chemo-surveillance, most of which were untreatable. Wound healing and cancer evolution have a lot in common, and Progenitor Stem Cells (PSCs) are a big part of it. Proliferation and Terminal Differentiation (TD) of PSCs are required for wound healing. Biological and immunological responses are triggered by wounds. The biological response involves the release of Arachidonic AcId (AA) from membrane bound phosphatidylinositol for the synthesis of ProstaGlandins (PGs) which are active Differentiation Inducers (DIs). AA and PGs are DIs good for wound healing. Immunological response prompts the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), which is also named cachectin after its effect to cause cachexia symptom. Because TNF can cause increased urine excretion of low molecular weight metabolites, causing wound healing metabolites to be lost, cachexia is a poor sign for wound healing. As a result, chemo-functionality surveillance's is critical in determining the effectiveness of wound healing. If the chemo-surveillance system works as well as it does in healthy persons, a wound can always heal without leaving a scar. But if the functionality of chemo-surveillance has been damaged due to pathological conditions causing cachexia symptom, then healing of wound may be impaired to result in ugly scar, or even worse dementia in the case of brain damage unable to heal, or tissue fibrosis in the case of Covid-19 infection, or the most feared case of cancer. Ugly scar in visible surface is a medical concern, particularly with respect to cosmetic surgery and regeneration medicine. The study of wound healing is helpful to heal wound with no scar and to search for a more appropriate strategy of therapy against diseases arising due to the collapse of chemo-funtionality.

Among all the countries, Yemen is free of corona virus, and no single case has been recorded till today. The factors that made Yemen free of corona virus infection: Yemenis mobility, habits, food, khat chewing, consume tobacco and governmental actions. The factors that made Yemen free of corona virus infection can be considered as a guide for precautionary measures and to limit the spread of the epidemic, prevent it and made Yemen free of COVID-19 infection and resistance to virus if any.

This is a cross-sectional comparative study wherein 15 cases of migraine (without aura) were compared to 1) group A  15 cases of migraine (without aura) on medicine alone, 2) group B 15 cases of migraine (without aura) who practiced Rajyoga meditation and deep breathing, and 15 age-matched normal people. This research was done during the interictal stage. The most remarkable observation was that group B had a drop in P₁₀₀ (ms) at post-test in both eyes (albeit this was not significant), but group A had a substantial rise in P₁₀₀ (ms) at post-test.  Both the groups showed an increase in P₁₀₀-N₇₅ (\(\mu v\)) & this finding was not significant in both For the right eye, multiple comparisons using the Tukey test and one way ANOVA revealed significant findings both between and within groups for P₁₀₀ and N₁₄₅ latencies. With the left eye, there was no discernible difference. We conclude that Rajyoga meditation and deep breathing can be used in conjunction with standard migraine treatment. We advocate for the continued use of these measures in order to reduce the frequency of assaults and, eventually, eliminate the problem.

The present study highlights the result of using endoscopic DCR as a primary treatment for acute dacryocystitis in adults. A retrospective case series study of 30 patients with nasolacrimal duct block and presenting with acute dacryocystitis with its complications like preseptal cellulitis, lacrimal empyema, with or without a spontaneous lacrimal fistula was done.

Oral antibiotics were simultaneously started. All patients were taken under intravenous sedation. All cases selected were operated by the same surgeon. The outcome was evaluated in terms of decrease in the swelling, pain and epiphora. The follow up was done 1wk, 4wks, and 6 months after surgery. At every follow up lacrimal syringing was done to establish the patency of the sac. The granulation tissue was cleaned every time endonasally. Intranasal infiltration was given in all planes to the anterior end of the middle turbinate. Mucosal flap was elevated maintaining haemostasis. Bony landmarks were identified and bone over the medial wall of the lacrimal sac was removed using these bony landmarks like anterior end of the middle turbinate and posterior margin of frontal process of maxilla. This study showed that endoscopic DCR can be used in complications of acute dacryocystitis like cellulitis and fistulas whereas previous studies were done in lacrimal empyemas. No DCR stents were used in this study.

The success rate of the surgery was 92.85%.

All surgeries were uneventful the sac area was much easier to identify due to its swollen nature. Some of the patients underwent a simultaneous septoplasty surgery due to the presence of a deviated nasal septum no DCR stents or tubes were used for the surgery. The first post-operative day the swelling and epiphora were reduced. The pain also reduced in all the patients but in 4 of the patients it reduced gradually over a period of 2 days. The lacrimal syringing showed patent lacrimal passages.

On subsequent follow up i.e. 1 wk and 1 month the osteotomy was cleaned of all the granulation tissue with suction endonasally. The osteotomy was patent at 6 months follow up in 26 patients.

The success rate after the combined treatment of endo-DCR, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs was 92, 85%.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical profile and its complication that help in early recognition of malaria helping timely treatment thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality.

Malaria continues to be one of the most common causes of fever and related human distress. Despite continuing preventive measures, it remains a major burden on tropical countries. While nearly eradicated from many countries such as the United States, Canada, Europe, and Russia, Malaria recently has presented new hurdles in terms of changing clinical profile and management, particularly p.vivax infection, which many a times contrary to the established belief found to cause severe malaria and so defies early detection and thus timely antimalarial medication.

A total of 96 patients were enrolled from indoor and outdoor section of Magadh medical college hospital, Gaya. Malaria is diagnosed with rapid testing and a peripheral blood smear examination. A thorough clinical examination was performed, with present clinical characteristics noted, as well as routine and specific lab tests. An investigation was conducted, appropriate treatment was implemented, and regular follow-up was conducted. The WHO criteria were used to define serious malaria.

vivax infected 54%, P. falciparum infected 47%, and mixed infection 9%. More than 30% of patients had unusual clinical features, 8.6% indicated warning signs, and 31% developed severe malaria, with P. vivax, contrary to popular assumption, developing complications as well.

The key to preventing morbidity and mortality is early diagnosis. Cough, severe headache, severe myalgia, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, severe arthralgia, oliguria, and malena are all typical but misleading clinical symptoms. A significant number of patients in this series had unusual symptoms

The prevalence of malaria, as well as the proportion of p. vivax and p. falciparum, varies by region in India. In Bihar's Magadh zone, P. vivax is the dominant species. Malaria continues to be a major public health issue. Concerns have been raised about p vivax's changing clinical profile and increased pathogenicity. Recognizing these characteristics aids in early detection and a better outcome.

An 11-year-old girl appeared with an 8-month history of progressively worsening scalp swelling and no neurological deficits. A firm swelling appeared to be originating from the frontal bone on local examination. The results of the general and systemic examinations were normal. A well-defined lytic lesion in the left fronto-parietal bone with a subgaleal component was discovered on MRI. The patient was operated on, and the tumor was removed along with a skull reconstruction. A monomorphic tiny round cell tumor of bone was seen invading the subcutaneous tissue on histopathological investigation. The ultimate diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma was made after an immunohistochemical stain revealed diffuse immunopositivity for MIC-2 in tumor cells. The patient was kept for follow up for 3 months without any symptoms. The objective of this study is that one must consider the possibility of Primary Ewing sarcoma in a lytic lesion of the cranial bone in children and young adults.

The vestibular system has both a sensory and a motor component. The vestibular system, as a sensory system, informs the central nervous system (CNS) about the location and motion of the head, as well as the direction of gravity. This information, along with information from other sensory systems, is used by the CNS. Tilts in relation to gravity and slow, drifting movements can be detected by the otolith organs, but only when the movements are linear rather than rotational. The study's goal was to look into the relationship between dizziness and balance in BPPV patients using the outcome measures Dizziness Handicap Inventory and Berg Balance Scale. A total of 56 people were enrolled in the study. Males and females between the ages of 18 and 65. Ability to experience symptoms for a three-month period; ability to shift from sitting to standing and walk independently. We were able to tolerate the exercise and conducted a descriptive, analytical, and correlational investigation. We took data from patients who were treated for 9 weeks with an exercise protocol and an outcome measure of dizzy handicap inventory and berg balance scale from this study. Validity was tested by assessing the degree to which DHI total score and DHI sub scale components i.e physical, functional, emotional correlated with the Berg balance scale, by Spearman correlation coefficient.The study found that the higher the improvement in dizziness, the better the balance of dizziness induced by BPPV, and that there is a stronger functional component of co-relationship.  

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune illness with an uncertain etiology and a low treatment efficacy, resulting in a large social cost. Given that the myelin destruction model, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic response potential in MS are all linked, it's only natural that we look into the various factors (genetic, hormonal, and environmental) that play a role in the autoimmune process in order to better control the immune system's dysregulation. Results from epidemiological and clini¬cal studies clearly suggest that changes in vitamin D serum concentrations are correlated with the magnitude of the risk of developing MS, the phases of relapse and remittance and with gender differences in vitamin D metabolism. Vitamin D concentration in serum should be between 50 and 80 nmol/l to ensure appropriate calcium metabolism. The optimal vitamin D blood concentration required to control the aberrant immune response in MS patients, a subgroup of MS patients appropriate for vitamin D treatment, and the application of vitamin D in an optimally effective and safe dosage are all reviewed. The MS prevalence rate in Bulgaria has increased two-fold in 17 years, although this is a rather small time to presume that the population's gene pool has changed. As a result, more research into possible interactions between various environmental factors and their function in illness development is justified and required.

Infectious diseases at all times are a threat to human beings, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Disease modelling is one of the tools to study infectious diseases in the field of epidemiology. Mathematic models as well as computer simulation models, are used to predict the spread of the infection, and ways of controlling the infection. From simple to multiple compartment models are formulated to analyse various infectious diseases. In the current scenario of the COVID-19 pandemic across globe, several models were devised to analyse the impact of the COVID-19. Based on the proposed models, countries have taken different measures to control the spread of the COVID-19 including restrictions like lockdown. This chapter details the various compartmental models in disease modelling and applications of the models in the current scenario of COVID-19.

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic and vector-borne disease with two primary forms: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Visceral Leishmaniasis, respectively, with an annual global incidence of 0.95 and 0.3 million cases. The study looked on the prevalence of Leishmaniasis and the risk factors linked with it in Kenya's Baringo County. The researchers used a mixed method analytical cross-sectional study design. In Kenya's Baringo County, 333 heads of households were recruited for the study. To enroll study participants, researchers utilized purposive and multistage sampling procedures. Leishmaniasis was reported by 96 out of 333 subjects, resulting in a prevalence of 28.8%. Increased odds of contracting Leishmaniasis were associated with living in a temporary house (OR = 5, 95% CI 2.64 – 9.44), Living below the poverty line (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 0.23 – 0.78), primary level of education (OR = 8.6, 95% CI 0.14 – 0.97), presence of termite hills (OR = 7.6, 95% CI 0.60 – 0.97) and presence of soil cracks (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 0.16 – 0.50). Having bed net (OR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.90 – 6.57), use of repellent (OR = 3.7, 95% CI 1.58 – 8.58), and wearing long sleeves after sunset (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 0.24 – 0.84) were associated with decreased odds of Leishmaniasis infection.

Leishmaniasis was discovered to be exacerbated in the study region by a lack of education, living below the poverty line, living in a temporary house, the presence of termite hills, and soil cracks near the residential area. People should eliminate dormant termite mounds near their homes, and the government should collaborate with development partners to improve people's livelihoods.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem not only in developing countries but also indeveloped countries. Depression and diabetes are two major health disorders that arebidirectionally associated. Some studies show strong relationship between diabetes anddepression. Sometimes diabetes and depression combined increases the mortality and morbidity rate. Early identification and proper treatment of depression can improve the quality of life.

Conclusion: Depression and diabetes are associated bidirectionally. Both have major impact on health and economic outcomes. Improvement in depression score is correlated with improvement in glycaemic control. Concerning awareness and identifying these conditions early improves the outcomes of depression and diabetes and ultimately improve health outcomes and quality of life.