Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 8

The aim of this study primarily focuses on the analytical Method Development and Validation of Triamcinolone Acetonide by using RP-HPLC Technique. Triamcinolone acetonide is a Glucocorticosteroid with great immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of redness, itching, scaling, crusting like inflammatory skin disorders, and other conditions like dryness with psoriasis on the skin.  The proposed method is an economic and highly sensitive, Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method for quantification of Triamcinolone acetonide is an active Pharma ingredient (API). The efficient separation was done by using X-bridge phenyl column has a stationary phase and a mobile phase of 50:50 v/v of acetonitrile with Octane sulphonic acid as a buffer solution to adjust the desirable pH-2.5 condition by employing ortho phosphoric acid. The efficient separation of Triamcinolone acetonide was eluted at 6.22 min and its UV absorption was done at 235 nano meters at input flow rate of 1ml/min with Photodiode Array Detector. All the results are acceptable limits with respect to ICH guidelines and the linearity results of Triamcinolone acetonide gave regression equation y= 43591x+14344 and correlation coefficient is (R²) 0.9997. The % RSD is 0.24 for intra-day precision and 0.65 for inter-day precision supports the ruggedness and the proposed approach is eco-friendly by AGREE-Analytical GREEnness metric shows 0.72. The quantification and appropriateness of the method was studied by the various testing parameters like recovery test, fidelity, accuracy, Robustness, and stability of the solution, one can understand the correctness of the approach.

This study primarily focuses on pollutant of Global trends in the Marine Ecosystems around the Spermonde Archipelagos. Contaminants known as Global Trenches Pollutants (GTP) are absent from healthy marine environments. When using marine resources for marine tourism, accuracy and prudence are required to avoid future ecological dangers that have a cascading effect on human health as well as aquatic ecosystems. The study identifies exposure to GTP: microplastics (MP), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metal (HM), pesticide residue (PR), and medical waste (MW) in marine ecosystems the Marine Tourism Area (MTA) area and Barrang Caddi Island (BCI) waters. A combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis methods was used with a combination of analytical instruments and mathematical formulas. The search results show the average total abundance of MP in seawater and fish samples (5.47 units/m³) and (7.03 units/m³) as well as in sediment and sponge samples (8.18 units/m³) and (8.32 units/m³). Based on an analysis of the polymer structure, it was identified that the dominant group is MP, from polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS), followed by polyamidenylon (PA) and polycarbonate (PC). Several PAHs pollutants were identified in the samples. In particular, Naphthalene (NL) types were the most common in all samples, followed by pyrene (PN) and azulene (AZ). BCI sea waters are suspected to be exposed to MW and PR. Pb⁺² and Cu⁺² pollutants around BCI were successfully calculated, showing average concentrations in seawater of 0.164 mg/L and 0.294 mg/L, respectively, while in fish, concentrations were 1.8110 µg/g and 2,452 µg/g, respectively. Based on these findings, the BCI area is not recommended as a marine tourism destination. BCI is maintained as a marine tourism area, it is feared that its ecosystem will enter an ecological hazard state, which will have a chain effect, not only on the aquatic ecosystem around the BCI but also on the sponge populations and fish, leaving them unfit for consumption and subsequently causing health problems for the community.

The present study discusses about alternating Current conductivity of Papain doped polypyrrole composite polymer. Enzyme papain doped pyrrole polymer were synthesized by in situ polymerization where ferric chloride works as an oxidizing agent. The different weight percent of papain was added at the time of polymerization, at room temperature. The LCR meter was used for investigate of the dielectric and a. c. conductivity of the polypyrrole-papain composite of different compositions. Dielectric constant and loss calculations for pure and papain composite polymers get smaller as frequency increases. The variation in dielectric constant and dielectric loss and transportation method was also noted with change in papain percentage in pyrrole. For AC conductivity ’s’ value confirms presence of multi-relaxation time with understanding charge transportation method by hopping between localized state. Further investigation is required to understand process in detail.

The study of solvent extraction of Cobalt (II) ion by a new azo derivative of 8-Hydroxyquinolin (DPDQ), had been synthesized. Many effected parameters on the extraction process were studied. Solvent extraction is a mature technique in that extensive experience has led to a good understanding of the fundamental chemical reactions. At the same time, when compared with many other chemical separation processes like precipitation, distillation, or pyro metallurgical treatment, the large-scale application is solvent extraction. Parameters such as: acidity of the medium was found to be equal to pH of 10, the equilibrium time for the extraction was ten minutes, polarity of solvents showed the effectiveness of dielectric constant of solvents on extraction process, interference of some anion(s) and cation(s) effected on extraction,; optimum metal concentration that used in extraction method; effect of different salts such as: Sodium chloride, Sodium nitrate, etc. and effect of temperature which showed the stability of extracted complex at different temperatures were considered. The thermodynamic functions (\(\Delta\)H, \(\Delta\)G, \(\Delta\)S) were calculated and they showed that the reaction between the ligand and the metal ion was exothermic and spontaneous. The extraction stoichiometry was studied using two methods: Job's and Molar ratio. It was found to be (M: L) (1:2) the shape of complex was octahedral. The constant of stability of complex using the mole ration method was calculated. The spectroscopy of UV-visible, F.T.I. R, HNMR, CNMR, and mass were studied for both the reagent and complex in organic phase that identified the ligand and complex. Other physical constants such as melting point and conductivity were studied. Some biological species and drugs were used to extract Cobalt ion from its applications. From this research it was found the new ligand can be used to extract the Co2+ from biological and drug samples with good results.

The deterioration of reinforced concrete structures in marine environments presents multiple problems due to the premature degradation of reinforced steel. The corrosion of reinforcing steel exposed to seawater has received significant attention due to its widespread use in industrial and social infrastructures. This work aimed to study the corrosion of reinforced A630-420H steel when exposed to a 0.5 M NaCl solution. Although this carbon steel is the most widely used material for reinforced concrete structures in Chile, there is limited research on its resistance to corrosion when in contact with saline solutions. The electrochemical reactions and their roles in the corrosion rate were studied using linear sweep voltammetry, weight loss, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The experimental procedure was designed to examine the kinetics of the partial electrochemical reactions in A630-420H steel immersed in 0.5 M NaCl solution, with a focus on the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and iron oxidation reaction (IOR). This analysis is unique as it used the superposition model based on mixed potential theory to determine the electrochemical and corrosion parameters. The outcomes of this study show that A630-420H steel has a higher corrosion rate than those of the other commercial carbon steels studied. This fact can be attributed to the competition between the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction, which also depends on the environmental conditions, exposure time, stabilization of the corrosion products layer, and presence of chloride ions. Additionally, the results under mechanical stress conditions show a brittle fracture of the corrosion product oriented longitudinally in the direction of the bend section, where the presence of pores and cracks were also observed. The corrosion products after corrosion were mainly composed of magnetite and lepidocrocite oxide phases, which are in concordance with the electrochemical results.

Ceria has fluorite type crystal structure. The structure can be viewed as an FCC array of Ce ions with the oxygen ions residing in the tetrahedral holes. The 1:2 statiometric is maintained. Pure ceria it shows high electronic conductivity than ionic conductivity. However, the ionic conductivity of ceria based electrolytes can be improved by introducing aliovalent cations to doped ceria.When aliovalant cations (Ca²⁺,Sr²⁺,Ba²⁺,Ln³⁺,Sm³⁺,Gd³⁺,Nd⁺³) are doped in ceria it shows higher ionic conductivity due to generation of oxygen vacancies in the sub lattice. This paper reports the effect of Ca²⁺ addition on the structural and electrical properties of Ce_0.8Gd_0.2O_2-\(\delta\)(GDC) electrolyte for low temperature solid oxide fuel cell application. The Ca²⁺ (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mol %) doped GDC solid electrolytes have been prepared by solid state method.  The sintered densities of the samples are greater than 95%.. Raman spectra show the presence of GDC single phase. AC impedance analysis is used to measure the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte.  Among all the compositions, the highest conductivity is observed in the GDC sample with 0.5 mol% Ca²⁺ addition. Nyquist plots resulted in multiple redoxation process such as grain and grain boundary conductions to final conductivity. The XRD study reveals cubic structure with increase in lattice parameter with Ca²⁺content in pure GDC electrolyte. It is observed that grain size increases by increasing Ca²⁺ concentration up-to 1 mol% from 1.72 to 10.20 \(\mu\)m. The GDC electrolyte containing 0.5mol% Ca²⁺ had an estimated blocking factor that is lower, suggesting that the inclusion of Ca²⁺ enhanced grain boundary conduction. The Arrhenius plot was used to compute the activation energies, which are in the region of 1eV.

Topoisomerase plays essential roles in cellular reproduction and DNA organization by facilitating the cleavage of single and double stranded DNA to relax supercoils, unwind catenanes, and condense chromosomes in eukaryotic cells. These complexes are cytotoxic agents because the unrepaired single and double stranded DNA breaks they produce may cause apoptosis and cell death.

This work employs multiple linear regression, principal component regression, and partial least squares to investigate the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) of 28 compounds derived from phosphorus-substituted quinoline. Evidence for the modeling was found in the correlation between the anti-proliferative activity and several electronic and structural properties of the molecules, including E_HOMO (energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital) and E_LUMO (energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital).

These electronic properties were calculated using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) approach at the B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) level of theory. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was utilized to test for collinearity between the descriptors. Actually, using different counts of 2D and 3D descriptors, three alternative prediction models were constructed, and each one was evaluated using the statistical metrics of root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R²). With an R² of 0.865 and an RMSE of 0.316, respectively, an MLR model demonstrated the highest predictive performance of all the models that were built.

By using crystal structure modeling, three proteins (6G77, 2NS2, and 5K47) for lung, ovarian, and kidney cancers demonstrated strong binding affinities via hydrophobic interactions and H-bonds with the relevant chemicals. The compounds with the highest binding energies for lung, kidney, and ovarian cancer were C11, C19, and C26, in that order. The molecular docking results from previous studies, which showed that inhibitors were stable in the active sites of the chosen proteins for 10 ns, were supported by the results of the molecular dynamic MD simulation diagram. This suggests that these compounds might be a useful model for creating and synthesizing novel, potent anticancer compounds.

In this work, the nanoflake model is utilized here to provide a structural explanation for the anomalies of the density-temperature relation of silica glass. Silica glass is the most essential glass-forming material with several technologically important properties. The structure, formation and properties of silica glass have been studied for many decades. The creation of medium-range ordering structure during the glass transition process explains the abnormal density-temperature connection of vitreous silica with low hydroxyl content. The two layers of SiO4 tetrahedra in the organized medium-range structure, which resembles a "nanoflake," are joined by O atoms in the center of the formation. The nanoflakes use van der Waals bonds in addition to covalent chemical connections to interact with the surrounding structures. In the formation of the van der Waals bonds, the orientation of SiO4 tetrahedra can change, which results in an increase of distance between the nanoflakes and their surrounding structures. Thus, there is a slight volume enlargement associated with the formation of nanoflakes. Since the nanoflakes’ formation starts at a temperature near \(1480^{\circ}\)C, and the population of the nanoflakes grows continuously as temperature decreases until about \(950^{\circ}\)C, the bulk volume of silica glass increases in the temperature range from about \(1480^{\circ}\)C to \(950^{\circ}\)C. The density anomaly of silica glass can be explained as a byproduct of the formation of medium-range ordering structure in the glass transition and provides additional support for the new structural model.

Nanotechnology is an innovative branch of science that deals with the formation, processing, and applications of nanomaterials. An eco-friendly and efficient method has been used for the green synthesis of stable gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using Durio zibethinus extract as a reducing and capping agent. Durio zibethinus seeds were extracted from fresh, methodically washed Durio fruits obtained from Bangalore Fruit Market, India. In the present work, the green synthesis method was employed to obtain Au NPs with the assistance of Durio zibethinus seeds extract as a reducing agent and capping agent. The biologically produced nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis, XRD, SEM, EDAX and TEM analysis. The elemental composition of Au NPs was reported by EDAX spectral analysis. The bio-reduced Au NPs exhibited almost spherical. Increasing applications of NPs, especially metallic nanoparticles plays an important role. Gold is one of the most useful metallic nanoparticles. Au NPs have unique physiochemical characteristics and wide usage in different field applications. Besides, the antibacterial, antioxidant and anticoagulant properties of Au NPs were studied. It is proved that Au NPs synthesized using natural reducing agents (plant leaves, route, seeds, pulp, stem, etc.) are eco-friendly, inexpensive, and have good anti-microbial activities against micro-organisms. This study established a synthesis of Au NPs using Durio zibethinus extract as a viable green route approach, with remarkable antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticoagulant activities. Overall, the green synthesized Au NPs will be useful in the biomedical and materials industries. As far as we know, this study is the first report of the use of Durio zibethinus extract to synthesize Au NPs.