An Overview on Business, Management and Economics Research Vol. 2

This chapter aimed to determine the natural gas consumption and carbon emission in the middle income group of natural gas supplying countries in Asia Pacific, (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar and Vietnam) during the period 2000-2021 by applying the simultaneous equation analysis. Natural gas is a fossil fuel energy source. Natural gas contains many different compounds. The largest component of natural gas is methane, a compound with one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms (CH₄). Natural gas also contains smaller amounts of natural gas liquids (NGLs, which are also hydrocarbon gas liquids), and nonhydrocarbon gases, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor. We use natural gas as a fuel and to make materials and chemicals. According to the findings of this study, carbon emissions raise the real exchange rate, population, and natural gas output while decreasing natural gas consumption. Furthermore, use of natural gas raises natural gas output, GDP per capita, and energy intensity. This report advises the government to produce clean and efficient alternative energy in response to natural gas demand for domestic and international markets. Furthermore, in order to establish a balanced situation between human activities and natural circumstances, the government must transition from a natural gas energy system to a clean energy system.

The obeject of this study is to fill gaps in previous research by examining the determinants of biofuel production and consumption, green economic growth, and environmental degradation in six Asia Pacific countries (Australia, China, India, Indonesia, South Korea, and Thailand) from 2007 to 2020. Biofuel is considered pure and the easiest available fuels on planet earth. Biofuels are obtained from biomass like wood and straw, which are released by direct combustion of dry matter and convert into a gaseous and liquid fuel. Other sources include organic matter like sludge, sewage and vegetable oils matter, which can be converted into biofuels by a wet process like digestion and fermentation. A simultaneous panel model technique was applied in this investigation. The study's key findings are organized into four analytical models. For starters, biofuel consumption, capital formation, labor, and foreign direct investment all benefit biofuel production. Second, biofuels production, FDI, GDP per capita, and trade openness all have a beneficial impact on biofuels usage. Third, whereas militarism has a detrimental impact on green economic growth, biofuel production, consumption, and technical innovation have a favorable impact. Fourth, biofuel production, consumption, green economic growth, and cleaner energy all have a negative impact on environmental deterioration, whereas population and poverty have a favorable impact. . Biofuels oil has great potential in supporting renewable energy development to increase green economic growth and reduce environmental degradation. Biofuel production and consumption, green economic growth, and environmental deterioration are four interconnected aspects that must be addressed in order to achieve sustainable development. As a result, if one of them experiences a difficulty, it will have an influence on economic activity and environmental circumstances. Thus, the production and consumption of biofuels are the primary steps in carrying out environmentally friendly economic activities, as indicated in the condition of green economic growth, where these three points reinforce one another in the form of positive impacts to minimize environmental degradation. As commercial operations become more sophisticated, biofuels oil will play a significant part in addressing the energy dilemma in the future.

Solid waste management in markets is a global problem. This study was conducted to assess factors associated with improper solid waste management practices at Mlali market in Mvomero district, Morogoro region, Tanzania. The methods used to collect data were observation, in-depth interview, and focus group discussion. The tools for data collection were questionnaires, camera and interview guide for primary data. Document review was used for the acquisition of secondary data. A total of 83 respondents were involved in the study. Respondents were chosen randomly. The findings revealed that inadequate facilities for waste collection and transportation is the main factor associated to poor solid waste management practices at Mlali market. Also lack of compliance to by-laws among the vendors and traders was another associated factor.

Therefore, it is recommended that the management of the market should purchase modern and reliable waste storage and transportation facilities. Enforcement of by-laws and regulations to vendors and traders at the market is needed.

Since the inception of mankind, a common thread that has bound the human species was migration, which was seen as a means of moving, interacting, and organizing as a group and even as a primitive people for a variety of purposes ranging from a sense of security to hunting and eating together. Over the period as primitive cultures paved the way to civilizations and social interactions, one inherent quality which survived through eons of evolution is this sense of migration, whether it be for business, or pleasure, commonly referred to as 'traveling' or the act of travel. Humans travel as a social act both for personal gratification as well as for professional prospects. And with a world population of 7.95 billion (approximately), this act of travel fuels a global tourism and travel market valued at US$ 10.5 Trillion. However, the world came to a startling halt in 2020 as the pandemic struck. The human population worldwide was introduced to an alien concept of confinement imposed as a mandate by the state, referred to as ‘lockdown’. This brought about a cessation of human activities, chief among which was travel and social interaction. The subsequent years i.e., 2021 and 2022, saw repetitive waves of covid with both global and localized strains leading to lockdowns on a global and local scale respectively. These subsequent waves left every industry scarred to deal with the aftermath. The travel and hospitality industry was not an exception to this global force of disruption as well. The purpose of this study is to investigate the socio-legal implications of decreased or altered human movement brought on by the pandemic and its impact on the travel and hospitality sectors with special emphasis on the Indian sector and a global outlook. The study's conclusions detail the enormous loss the sector endured as a result of the pandemic, as well as the new trends that arose in 2021 and 2022 to help the business recover from its losses. It is further aimed at finding fail-safe mechanisms as a form of check and balance to keep the industry afloat, in the case of such an unforeseeable disaster, in the prospect.

Purpose: The primary objective of this study is to assess the market share of cruises in the Adriatic region regarding the total worldwide in 2023.

Methodology/Design/Approach: A novel approach has been employed by utilizing two separate databases, one containing information on ships and the other including information on routes. The analysis centers on a particular itinerary comprising one or several ports situated in the Adriatic region. Moreover, the concept of a "unique passenger" is introduced, which pertains to individuals who are seen as a singular entity while embarking on a cruise in the Adriatic, irrespective of the quantity of ports they may visit. This model has facilitated the analysis of the features of ships that visit the Adriatic region, the market shares of different groups/companies (including the utilization of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index as an analytical approach), and the duration and seasonality of various routes. The research seeks to cover a gap in the numerous studies on cruises that use the number of passenger movements as a reference point. The fact that it is an ex-ante analysis is its most significant limitation.

Findings: The market share of cruise passengers in the Adriatic in 2023, relative to the global total, is within the range of 3.6% to 3.8% (varying according to the specific source of comparison employed).

Originality of the Research: The proposed model is applied for the first time in the Adriatic region. In order to establish a comparison with the years preceding 2023, two novel mathematical formulas were introduced, which offer qualitative insights.

The goal of this work is to examine and create an electronic marketplace architecture that allows for the distribution of data with online payment and courier services while integrating items from different electronic commerce. E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the activity of electronically buying or selling of products on online services or over the Internet. E-commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. E-commerce is in turn driven by the technological advances of the semiconductor industry, and is the largest sector of the electronics industry. Online transactions now have a solution thanks to e-commerce. According to information from Indonesia's Central Bureau of Statistics, there were 26.2 million users in 2016 and that number increased by 17% between 2006 and 2016. On the other side, Indonesia has seen a tremendous increase in the growth of e-marketplace. In 2018, there were 100 trillion transactions. E-commerce players are now still unable to rival the e-marketplace as it stands. This is a result of e-commerce's restricted supply and product selection. Increasing the number of clients and transactions is one of the issues e-commerce managers encounter. The multi-platform e-marketplace model was developed that was integrated and could distribute products from several e-commerce. Service oriented architecture was used as a method in integrating and distributing products from e-commerce to e-marketplace. Based on the results of testing with 90 request can be concluded that the process of data distribution from e-commerce to e-marketplace can be done in a fast time with average loaded time of 0,72 seconds and the size of data accessed is relatively small with packed average size of 5,68 KB. The conclusion of this study remains the use of service-oriented architecture can be applied for e-marketplace that integrated with several e-commerce for supporting some feature like online payment and courier.

Entrepreneurship has been gaining popularity and attention across the globe as an essential source of economic growth and employment creation. Furthermore, entrepreneurship has increasingly attracted the governments and policy-making institution's attention in recent years. This chapter's purpose was to analyse entrepreneurship's influence on the economic empowerment of small-scale agro-processors in South Africa.  This research was carried out in the five provinces of South Africa of Gauteng, Limpopo, North West, Free State and Mpumalanga. Moreover, the study focused on the influence of entrepreneurship on the economic empowerment of small-scale agro-processors in those provinces. A concurrent mixed-methods research design consisting of a semi-structured questionnaire with 503 small-scale agro-processors was conducted. A stratified sampling method was used, and data were analysed using a multiple regression method. The study found that entrepreneurship significantly influences the economic empowerment of small-scale agro-processors compared to resources and infrastructure. The findings of this study may inform policymakers, government agencies and scholars that access to market and transaction costs are essential entrepreneurship parameters which will facilitate the economic empowerment of small-scale agro-processors in South Africa. The key limitation of the study is that the research was only conducted in five provinces of South Africa and secondly, the there is a small-size of the population, which make the results inaccurate because the data is not sufficient.

In the process of transition from agricultural society to industrial society, which started with the Industrial Revolution in England, the mechanization process experienced five different stages and in the last stage, with the development of computers, automation in production was achieved. While developments in a certain region or country of the world spread to other parts of the world with technological spread, technological revolutions also spread and paradigm changes occurred. With the development of information processing technologies, productivity has started to increase with the use of automation and robot technology in production. This process, which continued until the 2010s, is thought to lead to the formation of smart factories that can produce under the dominance of robots, after the new point reached in artificial intelligence and robot technology, and this development will further increase productivity in production. Intelligent robots working in the internet of things system will be able to work with greater power and longer periods than humans, and smart factories that are almost never shut down will emerge. In the transformation in this process, which is also called robonomics, changes in the theory of economy may occur and a new economic order may emerge. The question of why behind-the-scenes countries, such as Turkey, could not catch up with the leading ones, is another matter of discussion. However, in such periods of technological paradigm change, an opportunity arises for lagging countries for their economic development. On the other hand, we can say that Turkey will either be able to catch up with the technological level of developed countries by taking advantage of the opportunity, by means of a step-by-step technological development, or it will continue to stay among the countries that lag behind by missing the opportunity.

The aim of this study is to examine the influence of governance and income inequality on economic growth in the six member nations of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (EMCCA) that are in the process of emerging. The poor performance of the sub-regional economy during the last few years can be explained in part by poor governance and unfair resource reallocation. Despite these nations' abundant natural riches, it has been proved that poverty is spreading swiftly. This has a greater impact on rural communities than on metropolitan places. The majority of theoretical and empirical surveys conducted provide contentious outcomes about the relationship between inequality and growth. The dynamic panel assessment results show that: (1) Income inequality has a negative impact on economic growth in EMCCA countries, (2) the composite index of governance has a positive impact on the growth rate of the effective Gross Domestic Product (GDP) individually, and (3) the interaction between income disparity and governance has a negative impact on economic growth.

This study investigates whether Goleman's four-domain model of emotional intelligence can accurately forecast work success in a multinational corporation in Zambia.  Goleman's four domains of emotional intelligence and their impact on workers' job performance were examined using a quantitative correlation research study. By using a survey instrument, the study first determined how much an employee recognizes their emotional intelligence skills. A total 164 subordinates were subjected to complete the questionnaire on Subordinate Emotional Intelligence Evaluation (SEIE). A total of 109 questionnaires among 255 employees (subordinate) were returned. All constructs were measured with existing scales. All items were measured on a seven-point Likert-type scale where 1=strongly disagree and 7=strongly agree. Data was submitted to regression, correlation reliability and factor analyses using SPSS 22.0. The average participant age was between 30 and 40 years old, and 44% of participants had more than five years of professional experience. 78% of them were men and 32% were women. The four components of emotional intelligence utilized to evaluate emotional intelligence were self-awareness, self-management, self-motivation, and social competence. Job performance served as the dependent variable. From the analysis Self-management, Self-motivation and social skill had ‘t’ values of 2.270, 0.175 and 2.283 respectively with the significant p value of 0.025, 0.21, and 0.025 respectively. This evidently indicates that emotional intelligence factors affect an employees’ motivation to perform.