Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management
Welcome to this edited volume exploring the intricate relationship between diabetes and cancer. This book serves as a comprehensive resource that brings together the latest research, insights, and perspectives from esteemed experts in the field. It delves into the multifaceted connections between these two prevalent diseases, shedding light on their shared mechanisms, risk factors, clinical implications, and therapeutic considerations. Diabetes and cancer are two major health challenges that continue to affect millions of individuals worldwide. While they may appear distinct at first glance, emerging evidence has revealed intriguing links between these conditions. The shared pathways, common risk factors, and overlapping molecular processes have sparked scientific curiosity and prompted deeper investigation into their intricate interplay. The primary objective of this edited volume is to foster a better understanding of the complex relationship between diabetes and cancer, empowering healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers to devise effective strategies for prevention, early detection, and treatment. By bringing together diverse perspectives, cutting-edge research findings, and clinical insights, we aim to bridge the knowledge gap and stimulate meaningful discussions within the scientific community. This book comprises a collection of chapters contributed by renowned experts in the fields of diabetology, oncology, endocrinology, and related disciplines. Each chapter provides a thorough examination of specific aspects of the diabetes-cancer connection, presenting evidence-based information, critical analyses, and thought-provoking discussions. Topics covered include epidemiology, pathophysiology, cellular and molecular mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies, and ongoing research endeavors. We believe that this comprehensive compilation will serve as a valuable resource for healthcare professionals seeking to enhance their understanding of the intricate relationship between diabetes and cancer. It will also benefit researchers and students by providing a holistic perspective and guiding future investigations into this fascinating field. We extend our gratitude to all the contributors for their exceptional expertise and scholarly contributions. Their dedication and enthusiasm have played a crucial role in making this book a reality. We also express our appreciation to the editorial and production team who have worked diligently to bring this project to fruition. We hope that this book will inspire fruitful collaborations, stimulate further research, and ultimately contribute to the development of innovative approaches in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of both diabetes and cancer. By shedding light on the intersections of these diseases, we aim to improve the lives of individuals affected by these conditions and advance the overall state of healthcare.
Natriuretic Peptides in Hypertension and Related Disorders
Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) belong to a family of related hormones, which exhibit natriuretic, diuretic, and vasorelaxant activities and play pivotal role in renal, cardiovascular, and endocrine homeostasis. The investigations on ANP and BNP have produced a huge body of important information, which have helped to increase our understanding of the control of high blood pressure (BP), renal and cardiovascular disorders, and recently energy metabolism and fat oxidation. Interestingly BNP and its N-terminal fragment (NT-proBNP) are greatly increased in the circulation of heart failure (HF) patients, and thus considered the excellent predictors of heart disease. In particular, NT-proBNP often found to be gold standard marker of HF. The spectrum of studies, including biochemical, molecular, genomic, and clinical investigations have helped to delineate the roles of natriuretic peptides (NPs) and their receptors in the signaling mechanisms of a wide range of physiological functions. The gene-targeting and transgenic animal models have further heightened our understanding of the importance of NPs and their cognate receptors in both physiological and pathophysiological milieu and disease conditions. This chapter describes the salient features and the roles of NPs and their receptors in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Indeed, more investigations are needed to extend the function of NPs in these important areas of research to enhance the clinical benefits to human population.
Copyright (c) 2023 Author(s). The licensee is the publisher (B P International).
Ayurveda Inspired Discovery and Development of New Drugs for Diabetes, Arthritis and Cancer
Renoval Innovations Inc. is utilizing its own creative library of natural product molecules, including Indian Ayurvedic ingredients, to create molecular target-based drug candidates to treat chronic diseases. Using algorithms and SAR chemistry, the company has developed and synthesized > 100 new patented molecules. Creative orally active molecules are in clinical development stages in two major health conditions: Metabolic Syndrome and Inflammation. The lead candidate for metabolic syndrome was designed to bind Insulin receptors (IR) and as the inhibitor of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). The synthesized small molecule (Mw > 500 Dalton) has a binding affinity with insulin receptors and induces a cascade of signaling pathways mediated by insulin binding to IR to combat insulin resistance. The second molecule is an anti-inflammatory lead candidate that regulates proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-6. Both molecules have passed rodent and dog GLP studies with high therapeutic index, and have entered in US-FDA standard Phase I clinical trials. In addition in our oncology drug design, >20 natural product based creative compounds were screened against 60 different human carcinoma cell lines for the selection of several lead anti-cancer molecules. Two such new cancer molecules are in preclinical stages of development. Using natural product inspired drug discovery platform, Renovel is at the forefront of discovering new class of molecules for major chronic health conditions.
Comparative Studies of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Epilepsy from Brain Tumors
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) and epilepsy associated with brain tumors (EABT) are two distinct forms of epilepsy with unique etiologies and clinical manifestations. This comparative study aims to explore the similarities and differences between these two epilepsy conditions, shedding light on their underlying mechanisms, clinical characteristics, and treatment approaches. Comparative analysis reveals several commonalities in the pathophysiology of MTLE and epilepsy from brain tumors. Both conditions involve alterations in cellular metabolism, disruptions in neuronal networks, and neuroinflammatory processes. Metabolic dysregulation, such as glucose metabolism abnormalities and mitochondrial dysfunction, is observed in both MTLE and tumor-related epilepsy. Additionally, shared molecular pathways related to excitotoxicity, synaptic plasticity, and inflammation contribute to epileptogenesis in both conditions. However, notable differences are also observed. MTLE primarily affects the mesial temporal lobe structures, particularly the hippocampus, while brain tumor-related epilepsy (BTRE) is associated with structural abnormalities resulting from tumor growth. These structural differences influence the clinical presentations, seizure types, and response to antiepileptic drugs. Furthermore, molecular heterogeneity is more pronounced in BTRE, reflecting the diverse molecular subtypes of brain tumors and their distinct effects on epileptogenesis. The comparative analysis also explores the implications for treatment approaches. While antiepileptic drugs are the primary treatment option for both conditions, surgical interventions, including resective surgery and tumor removal, play a more prominent role in BTRE. Moreover, understanding the differences in treatment response and prognosis between the two conditions can aid in personalized treatment planning and optimize patient care. In conclusion, this comparative study highlights the shared and distinct features of MTLE and epilepsy from brain tumors, deepening our understanding of their underlying mechanisms and clinical characteristics. The findings have significant implications for accurate diagnosis, tailored treatment strategies, and improved outcomes for patients with these epilepsy conditions. Further research is warranted to unravel the complexities of both conditions and explore novel therapeutic avenues for effective seizure control and disease management.
Cancer and Diabetes: More than the Expected Connection
Cancer and diabetes are both common diseases that are increasing rapidly worldwide. Convincing evidence including epidemiological study demonstrated that diabetes (mainly type 2 diabetes) is firmly associated with different types of cancer including breast, pancreas, liver, colon and bladder cancers. But whether diabetes triggers cancer progression or cancer causes DM is still not well understood. Diabetes is a heterogeneous type of disease which is often characterized by abnormal glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. Continuous exposure to hyperglycemia and elevated concentrations of circulating insulin might trigger cancer growth and progression, leading to poorer prognosis. However, there are some conflicting results were observed in subgroup analysis in mainly type 2 DM revealed no significant correlation between preexisting type 2 DM and prostate cancer-related mortality. Whereas, a meta-analysis was carried out by Lee et al. determined the incidence of death due to prostate cancer in men suffering from preexisting diabetic. Over the past several decades, cancer and DM remained co-existing illnesses and patients face unique challenges. However, treatment landscapes have changed with the targeted and immunotherapy but still new compounds used during the treatment causes hyperglycemia. Based on heterogeneity, further research needs to be undertaken to open new avenues of intervention for cancer associated diabetes.
Current and Potential Pharmacological Targets for Therapeutic Intervention in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Despite significant advancements in the treatment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC), it remains a significant global public health challenge. HNSCC is a complex cancer affecting the upper aero-digestive tract. Current cancer treatment strategies involve using anticancer drugs to target proteins with abnormal expression. Researchers are exploring novel cancer targets based on a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in intracellular processes. Therapeutic options targeting these specific targets, such as Cetuximab, Pembrolizumab, and Nivolumab, are currently available or under development. With advancing knowledge of molecular mechanisms, there is a growing opportunity to identify and exploit new drug targets for HNSCC. Although targeted chemotherapy has shown some success in treating HNSCC, the survival rates and recurrence rates have not improved significantly due to several challenges. These challenges include undesirable reactions to chemotherapy, lack of specificity of drugs, drug resistance, and toxicity to non-cancerous tissues and cells. Researchers have conducted extensive studies to identify effective drug targets for HNSCC treatment. This chapter provides valuable insights into these promising anticancer targets and details the drugs currently under various stages of development. Moreover, it also explores new potential targets that have not been explored in much detail for their impact on HNSCC. We believe that investigating and developing drugs targeting these new potential targets could be beneficial in the treatment of HNSCC.
Circulating Tumor Cells: A New Avenue for Clinical Management of Cervical Cancer
Despite successful vaccination and cytological screening protocols, metastatic cervical cancer (CaCx) remains a significant health concern for women in low-resource countries. This is primarily due to the fact that the disease is often detected at advanced stages. The prognosis of metastatic CaCx, regardless of the geographical distribution, continues to be poor despite improvements in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment techniques. Unlike other malignancies, definite malignancy-specific markers for CaCx progression that could predict the treatment outcome do not exist. Recent developments suggest that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) possess stem cell properties and are important candidates to monitor the metastatic process. They offer a real-time opportunity to identify the stage of carcinogenic progression and subsequently classify patients accordingly. The potential of CTCs to predict minimum residual disease and chances of recurrence renders them as potential prognostic candidate. In the past decade, a number of studies have established the clinical correlation of CTCs with prognosis and diagnosis of various malignancies. A few studies based on detection and analysis of CTCs in CaCx have offered valuable information about the likelihood of local or distant relapses and progression-free survival. The present chapter provides a brief overview of biology of CTCs and existing label-dependent and label-free methods for their detection. The article emphasizes recent advancements and the development of CTCs as a clinico-pathological factor in CaCx. Lastly, it discusses the successes, challenges, and future prospects associated with CTCs for the clinical management of metastatic CaCx.
Historic Socio-Scientific Interaction in Relationship between Cancer and Environment- As Facts and Fiction
As we stride into 21st century, our spectrum of disease has changed to more chronic disease, while cancer has assumed an epidemic in society. Irrespective of age or health, exposure to pollutants as well as genetics can induce cancer risk. Developing the concept of social science in view of cancer it can be seen as a revolt among a group of cells that do not follow the social contract in the cell community to forgo constant cell division in order to contribute to a greater goal of individual fitness. If we want to understand, cancer is a social phenomenon, concentrating on what energies within a single cell, it is insufficient to attack many of the fundamental mechanisms that support cancer's spread. Although it is useful to detect as many mutations of cancer as possible, what is also needed is to understand how many signalling pathways proteins empower each other, and how they exploit the functions of the normal cells in their neighborhood. Cancer therapy has always been driven by the eradication of proliferating cancer cells through surgical removal or inducing programmed cell death through chemotherapeutic, targeted molecule, or radiation treatment. Although localized tumors can be cured yet systemic therapy virtually always fails to cure metastatic disease as cancer cells appear to develop intrinsic or adaptive resistance strategies i.e. “tumor cell heterogeneity.” So, fields such as physics, computational medicine, phytocomponents, complexity agent-based modeling, sociology, and ecology all have the capacity to drive new insights into cancer biology.
Tip of an ICEBERG: The Growing Cancer Burden in India and How to Manage it
India has indisputably transitioned from the era of communicable diseases to the era of non-communicable diseases. It has a substantial impact on public health at multiple levels. These repercussions of cancer are only expected to increase in future due to our increasing elderly population. The major takeaways of the GLOBOCAN 2020 report include the rising global burden of cancer, global disparity in cancer incidence and mortality in different geographic regions, and the impact of the human development index (HDI) on cancer incidence and projected global cancer burden by 2040. Among the top five cancers in females, breast cancer was found to be the highest, followed by three female genital organs cervix, ovary and corpus uteri. Among males, three sites; lung, mouth and tongue, were limited with tobacco-related cancers. The new statistics should serve as a ‘wake-up call’ for the governments and policy makers. we need to develop region-specific solutions considering our resources and the kind of cancer burden present in every area. Developing effective policies and their execution will result in decrease in cancer morbidity and mortality, which will lead to huge economic benefits for the country.
Prediction and Classification Machine Learning Models in Diabetic Studies
Diabetes is one of the major health problems globally. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that causes various complications such as stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcer, retinopathy, diabetic ketoacidosis, and many more. Timely predictions and classifying of the diabetes problem will help to prevent diabetes. There is various machine-learning approach that can be used to predict and classify diabetes problem in the general population. The diabetes prediction and classification process can help to further improve the disease. This paper will discuss the machine learning applications and steps to understanding the concepts. The purpose of this paper framework is to early prediction and classification of diabetes to reduce stress and save human life, and financial burden.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Gut Microbiome Associated Colorectal Cancer: Recent Updates
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality vary distinctly around the world. It is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in females and third in males while it ranked second in cancer-related deaths globally. Mutational landscape including chromosomal damage and microsatellite instability enabled to insignificant weightage about the survival of patients and their therapeutic response against CRC. Root cause of colorectal carcinogenesis has traditionally based on genetic alterations; however, in broader sense CRC advances as a result of complex communications between the microbiota, host mucosa, aberrant signaling, dietary components and inflammatory mediators. Additionally, it has increased risks combined with inflammatory bowel disease. Possible mechanism associated with CRC and microbial dysbiosis includes various bacterial signatures expose colonic mucosa via different metabolic and inflammatory stimuli, producing a proinflammatory state enabling DNA damage, aberrant signaling and ultimately CRC. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the role of gut microbiota in CRC pathogenesis in light of recent updates. Methods: PubMed and google scholar databases and carried out selective literature review on contribution of gut microbiota and associated mechanism in pathogenesis of CRC. Results: Under normal conditions gut microbiome act as barrier to other pathogens or infection in gastrointestinal tract but studies suggest change in microbial composition related to CRC progression. Imbalance in microbial composition is related with inflammation induced tumorigenesis and modulation of anti-cancer immune response. Thus, gut microbiota can be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis and predict the effect of immunotherapy. Conclusion: This review is focused on to dissect the role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites, signaling molecules and pro-inflammatory factors that directly or indirectly influencing the molecular carcinogenesis ultimately leading to CRC development. The recent updates will be benefited to many translational researchers as well as clinicians.
Oxidative Stress-Role of Exogenous Antioxidant Defenses: Compounds Derived from the Diet
Socio-scientific issues offer a platform for constructive community participation where both society and science play pivotal roles. Food exerts a profound influence on physiological, social, and mental health. Nutraceutical and functional benefits can enhance health outcomes in today's pressured world. Cellular damage may arise from increased oxidative burden due to external stimuli or excessive endogenous ROS generation. Excessive oxidants can harm cells, tissues, and organs, triggering apoptosis or necrosis. Reactive oxidant imbalances play a significant role in diseases like cancer, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, and Alzheimer's. A defense network, comprising enzymes and antioxidants like dietary polyphenols, acts against oxidative stress. Micronutrients, as antioxidants, provide primary and secondary defense, supporting oxidative balance. Studies show antioxidant-rich dietary supplements enhance the body's defense against oxidative stress, crucial for conditions linked with it. Numerous studies have demonstrated that dietary supplements with antioxidants improve the body's defence and support the maintenance of oxidative dynamic balance. Since they may control the redox state, which is linked to cell and organ function, exogenous antioxidants are regarded as crucial treatment strategies for conditions related with oxidative stress. Numerous studies imply that these antioxidant activities may be able to regulate the cellular antioxidant response and prevent onset of these diseases.
Chemical Characterization of Cinnamomum tamala Leaves by HPLC Analysis
Eugenol, CH2CHCH2C6H3(OCH3) OH Cinnamomum tamala (CT) is the member of Lauraceae family and its leaves are most popularly used as spice in Indian food. Along with spice, it is associated with many medicinal values such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antifungal, immunomodulation etc. On the basis of GC-MS analysis, Eugenol was reported as active constituent who is present in excess in non polar fraction. Here, the study about the qualitative analysis of different phytochemicals in defferent fractions of CT leaves along with their TLC fingerprinting. Phytochemical analysis was carried out by chemical reaction based and quantitative estimation of eugenol was done by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using C-18 column. Result shown that the distribution of different phytochemicals were varies in different fraction and maximum amount of eugenol was found in non polar fraction (Hexane fraction) and then in total methanol fraction. It was found in traces in successive ethyl acetate and methanol fraction.
Plant Secondary Metabolites and Their Therapeutic Properties for Cancer Treatment
Plant secondary metabolites have peculiar roles in an organism such as defense, signaling and transport of metals. These secondary metabolites can induce or inhibit various physiological activities and have been used for treatment of multiple diseases including cancer. The bioactive compounds obtained from plant metabolites play an important role in controlling cancer symptoms and treatments, with minimum side effects. Many plant secondary metabolites related to terpenes, phenolics, nitrogenous and sulfur-containing compounds have anticarcinogenic properties and some are commercially available in the market. The objective of this paper is to study various plant secondary metabolites that have ability to kill or inhibit the cancerous cells and their possible mechanisms involved for the inhibition or killing of cancer cells. The plant secondary metabolites act as bioactive molecules to inhibit or suppress various metabolic pathways related to cancer treatment these compounds are biologically friendly and less toxic to the normal cells. The discovery and development of plant metabolite-based drugs provide a futuristic approach to treatment of cancer.
Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Through Ayurveda (the Ancient Indian System of Medicine)
Ayurveda, the science of life serving the mankind since time immemorial. Ayurveda is not only a medical system but also a way of life. Its rich literature contains more information on promotion of health and preventive aspects of disease than any other medical system. Ayurveda mentioned disease called Madhumeha with main symptom of passing sweetish urine. The same can be compared with diabetes mellitus of conventional system medicine. As per Ayurveda, Madhumeha is caused due to imbalance or vitiation of Tridosha (Vata, Pitta & Kapha) or functional entities/energies of body. This vitiation occurs due to physical, psychological and dietary causes which leads to development of disease. This Madhumeha is referred as Mahagada/roga (severe/chronic disease) and difficult to cure. Ayurveda can help in controlling it through dietary restrictions, changing lifestyle and by using some important herbs and minerals, that to with individualized treatment pattern based on the Prakruti (nature), bodily strength of patient. Ayurveda advocates several single, compound formulations prepared with herbs & minerals. For example, Plants called Vijayasara (Pterocarpus marsupium), Haridra (Curcuma longa), Methika (Fenugreek /Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), Karavellaka (Bitter gourd/Momordica charantia) and Naga Bhasma (Lead calx), Yashada Bhasma (Zinc calx) and Shilajit (Sticky substance obtained from rocks in Himalayas) etc. Ayurveda also advocates special procedures like Panchakarma with medicated oils and decoctions to address the disease, Madhumeha. Combination of Ayurveda medicines and practicing Yoga will definitely help diabetes in controlling/managing the disease.
Socio-Scientific Interaction-Fast & Junk Food Impact and Its Management through Natural Therapeutic Food
Junk foods are foods that lack nutrients, vitamins and minerals, and are high in kilojoule (energy), salts, sugars, and fats. Junk food is so called because it doesn’t play a role in healthy eating, especially if it's eaten to excess. Junk food is also known as discretionary food or optional food. Some examples of junk food include: cakes and biscuits, fast foods (such as hot chips, burgers and pizzas), chocolate and sweets, processed meat, snacks (such as chips), sugary drinks (such as sports, energy and soft drinks), alcoholic drinks. If your diet is high in fats, salt and sugar and is not receiving essential nutrients, your risk of obesity and other chronic (long-term) diseases may well increase. These diseases include: cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a number of cancers. While finding healthy alternatives to junk food can sometimes be difficult, the is a convenient, tool to help you determine how healthy a product is. It provides a quick and easy way to compare similar packaged food. However, it is important to note that this system is very generalized and the nutritional value of some products may not be accurately expressed through the rating they receive. Remember also that the Health Star Rating system is designed only for packaged products sold in shops, so it won’t include some healthy foods — including fresh unpackaged food such as fruit and vegetables. Chose wholefood options such as whole meal and wholegrain carbohydrates like pasta, bread and flour. Choose fresh fruit for dessert instead of junk food to keep away from added salt, sugar and saturated fat. Check your food’s nutritional value using the nutritional information panel on the back of the packet.
Association of Diabetes and New Incidence of Tuberculosis: Evidence Study
Diabetes is a chronic condition brought on by either insufficient insulin production by the pancreas or inefficient insulin use by the body. A hormone called insulin controls blood sugar. Over the age of 18, there are reportedly 77 million people in India who have type 2 diabetes. Through various mechanisms, diabetes can increase the chance of contracting tuberculosis (TB). According to studies, hyperglycemia weakens cell-mediated immunity, leaving patients more susceptible to infections. The study showed that the weakening of immunity because of hyperglycemia, is responsible for converting latent TB to an active infection. Patients with elevated blood sugar have a 3.1% higher risk of contracting TB than people with normal blood sugar levels. On the other hand, TB is an infection generally seen in overcrowded, undernourished nations. The combined occurrence of these two diseases was seen in developing countries, which enthralled many epidemiologists toward the correlation between these two diseases. The increased incidence rate of DM in high-risk TB countries such as Sub-Saharan Africa has also pointed toward the fact that this hyperglycemic disorder may be the risk factor for an increased prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. South India, the Pacific Islands, and Mexico are the regions with an increased incidence of TB in people having T2DM. The World Health Organization (WHO) has also suspected that control of TB is being compromised by the increasing number of diabetics in the world, which emphasizes the double burden of TB and diabetes. In India, among the newly diagnosed TB cases, 54% had T2DM and only 25% had normal blood glucose levels. The younger population with DM are more receptive to reinfection than relapse. In contrast, the elderly population is more susceptible to relapse of TB than reinfection. As per TB treatment, the time taken for negative sputum culture is more in people with diabetes than in nondiabetics. It is also seen that the drugs used to treat TB worsen the blood glucose level. Therefore, early screening of TB in diabetics is very important to reduce the prevalence and minimize the complications.
Annona Squamosa: A Natural Approach to Treat Diabetes Mellitus
There are assorted number derived compounds have been used in treatment of diabetes to control blood sugar level, as the modern drugs have adverse side effects in human being. Annona squamosa possess varied medicinal properties including antidiabetic activity. The study emphasizes on evaluation of antidiabetic activities of petroleum ether leaves extracts (ASPE) of the plant on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and normal rats. The ASPE significantly reduced peak blood glucose (Gp30) and area under curve (AUC) in diabetic rats in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and oral sucrose (OSTT) tolerance test, but there was more reduction of Gp30 value than ACU in OSTT. Thus, it can be suggested that the ASPE, has a hypoglycemic response so it could be used as a herbal supplement for the management of DM.
Genetic Disorder Fanconi Anemia: A Model for Understand the Genomic Instability and Cancer Development
“Genomic instability” is the hall mark of cancer. It has long been a debate whether the genomic instability is the causes of cancer or consequence of cancer. Significant amount of work has generated in the area of cell cycle and DNA damage repair for understanding the genomic instability, but how genomic instability transforms the normal cell into cancer cell is not well known. Studying rare human genetic diseases often leads to a better understanding of normal cellular functions. Fanconi anemia rare model disease cause genomic instability and cancer susceptibility syndrome. Fanconi kids are born normal except some kinds of congenital defects like bone marrow failure and other developmental defects, but when they are getting older (teen age) they become susceptible to all kinds of cancer.
Role of Diabetes Mellitus II in Cancer of Oropharyngeal Region
Type II Diabetes is a metabolic disease that influences the inflammatory pathways and subsequent pathways that underlie carcinogenesis. Hence, there is literature evidence that showcases higher incidence of malignancies among Diabetics. Although, there are contradictory findings against associations between diabetes mellitus and oral carcinogenesis. This review deals with underlying pathophysiology, mechanisms of carcinogenesis, common pathways between carcinogenesis and type II diabetes mellitus.
Exploring Few Selected Antidiabetic Herbs from Ayurvedic Classical Treatises
Introduction: Non-communicable diseases are proving as exponentially growing problem all over the world. Diabetes mellitus is one such disorder demonstrating an alarming trend of rapid increase, posing a substantial worldwide challenge. Though, conventional medicines are available, ancient medical systems like Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani may give cheaper yet more potential options. Thus, present review aims at elaboration of some plants mentioned in Ayurveda for their probable efficacy in management of Diabetes mellitus (can be correlated to Madhumeha mentioned in Ayurveda classics). Materials and Methods: The review of Ayurveda classics (Charaka Samhita, Shushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya and Bhavaprakash Nighantu). Relevant published articles from indexed scientific journals were collected, reviewed and analysed. The search words used are ‘Diabetes’ ‘Ayurveda’ and ‘Prameha’. Conclusion: It is evident from the review that herbs mentioned in management of Prameha, can be proved beneficial in management of Diabetes mellitus. Single herb has been proved to have multiple mechanism to lower blood sugar and improve insulin sensitivity. Herbs mentioned have various phytoconstituents which aids to the effect.
Basic Understanding of Concept of Diathesis and Approach of Management of Diabetes Mellitus through Ayurveda
Prediabetes & diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major metabolic disorders in which faulty lifestyle play significant role in the genesis as well as diathesis of this disease. Recent years have shown significantly rising trend of Prediabetes and diabetes mellitus all over the world. It is a serious medical condition and considered as grey area between normal one and diabetes mellitus. Worldwide more than 300 million people are at increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus but they are unaware of it. American Diabetic Association (ADA) on 27th march, 2002 gave the term Prediabetes. Such types of patients are at risk for not only developing Type-2 Diabetes mellitus, but also risk for macro & micro-vascular complications. The progression into diabetes mellitus from Prediabetes is approximately 25% over 3 to 5 years. It is amazing that 7 century B.C. Ayurvedic texts have been vividly described the etio-pathogenesis, classification, prognosis, complication and management of prediabetes and diabetes with highly evolved manner, which is well comparable to the latest development in this field. At one side, Ayurveda conceived the idea of high caloric diet and sedentary habit as important causative factors for Apathyanittaja Prameha and other side genetic/hereditary factors for Sahaja/Jata Prameha. The primary one is very similar to prediabetes and Type-2 diabetes mellitus of conventional biomedical science. The patients of Prameha are believed to possess impaired Agni and depleted Ojas status i.e. hypo-metabolic and immunocompromised state. At present, the primary goal is not only to achieve euglycemia but also to minimize its further progression to type-2 DM and its associated complications. The management of prediabetes is still evolving in the biomedical science. In-spite of many advances in the understanding and management of prediabetes & DM and its consequences remains unsatisfactory and challenging. This seeks great attention from the present-day practitioners and researchers to evaluate the present status of this mega health event. Thus, the present concept will provide a new lead to the understanding of prediabetes & DM and its management through Ayurveda.
Literature Review on Cancer Management in the Aspect of Ayurveda, Indigenous and Siddha Medicine
Cancer is the second commonest non-communicable disease causing 14% of mortality being the second leading cause of mortality globally. At present in Sri Lanka also malignancy is the second foremost cause of death. According to statistics, the number of cancer patients annually increases in Sri Lanka causing a burden to the National Health system. As the country is having different medical systems other than Allopathic medicine, such as Ayurveda, Sri Lankan Traditional and Siddha medicine, there is an increased urge among the patients and Health professionals both to seek Cancer treatments from any of the medical systems available. Those have different explanations for malignancy and its treatments. Cancer can be resembled with Arbuda in Ayurveda, Pilika in Traditional and Vippuruthi in Siddha Medicine. Even though research studies have demonstrated that significant improvement could be achieved by utilizing chemotherapy along with herbal medicine, there is a lack of scientific evidence on herbal medicines which could be used in cancer treatment. At present there is no specific treatment to alleviate cancer completely in any of the medical systems. When considering Ayurveda, Siddha and Traditional medicine, there is a vast literature on numerous plants and formulations consist of herbal and herbo-mineral ingredients used in cancer management. Therefore, when it comes to treatment it is difficult to identify an effective but feasible formulation for cancer. Hence this literature study aimed at compiling commonly used feasible recipes for cancer management based on limited references but which were obtained from selected authentic texts in Ayurveda, Traditional and Siddha medical systems. Anticancer drugs used in the Allopathic medicine also were observed and those provided an innovative suggestion on herbs used in compound preparations mentioned in the texts for this ailment. Identification of few medicinal preparations which can be used internally as well as externally were made. Those consists of mostly used herbs with corresponding pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties of ingredients in Ayurveda point of view. Decoctions can be used irrespective of the place and type of the carcinoma internally. Other preparations can be used in corresponding skin over the area or at the visible lesion. As these are literary evidence - based, time tested authentic recipes, it has prime importance for day-to-day clinical practice and to proceed further clinical researches in cancer management.
Designing ligands to interact with G-quadruplex (G4) of DNA is challenging due to the complexity of G4 structures and the lack of efficient experimental methods to characterize G4/ligand interactions. Existing methods can be categorized into structure-based (e.g., CD, NMR, X-ray crystallography), affinity-based (e.g., SPR, ITC, MS), and high-throughput (e.g., FRET, G4-FID, affinity chromatography, microarrays) approaches, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. High-throughput methods are emerging as a promising alternative to traditional methods for screening and designing new G4 ligands, as they are faster and more cost-effective. G4s are found in both DNA and RNA and play an important role in a variety of physiological processes, including cancer and neurological disorders. Targeting G4s with ligands is a promising therapeutic strategy for these diseases. A significant number of G4 ligands have been developed and investigated, and most of them are deposited in the G4 Ligands Database 2.1 (http://www.g4ldb.com/).
Psychological Stress and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Relationship
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease that occurs due to circulating blood glucose levels being too high. But it also occurs due to psychological issues, consumption of a high calorie diet and sedentary lifestyle. Diabetes is a long-lasting chronic metabolic disorder; it has established psychobiological relationships. Diabetes has much more effects on the human body and also the mind. This review article shows the relationship between psychological stress and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Psychological stress affects the behaviors of people living with type-2 diabetes. Type-2 diabetes is caused due to stress, anxiety, depression and insomnia. These risk factors are associated with qualitative and quantitative defects in insulin secretion. Morbidity diabetic patients want passive euthanasia (legalized in Indian Supreme Court in 2018, India), for last resort. It is important to understand that the individuals who are suffering from diabetes mellitus, must have any psychological issue. It can't be denied that there is a possible correlation between psychological stress and diabetes mellitus.
Post Transcriptional Gene Regulation in Breast Cancer
Post-transcriptional gene regulation plays an important role in the development and progression of breast cancer. It occurs after the transcription of DNA into RNA but before the synthesis of functional proteins. Breast cancer is the most common and lethal cancer that affects women worldwide. Several mechanisms involved in post-transcription are RNA binding proteins (RBP), microRNA (miRNA), alternative splicing, RNA editing, and modulation of mRNA stability. They are dysregulated in breast cancer contributing to the cell proliferation and metastasis in breast cancer. Aberrant splicing events are involved in breast cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. This chapter is an overview of post-transcriptional gene regulation and its role in breast cancer.
Diabetes and Cancer Associated Complications
Diabetes and cancer are most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide. Studies have shown that there is a strong association between diabetes and an increased risk of cancer, as well as of mortality. The purpose of this review article is to be aware means the risk of association between diabetes and cancer and the steps to prevent it by medication and other because studies still obscure whether diabetes leads to cancer or cancer causes diabetes.
Role of Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
Medicinal plants play a significant role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus which is a serious metabolic disorder. Traditional plants are reported to have significant anti-diabetic properties with no harmful side effects. They are rich sources of anti-diabetic compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, and tannins that improve the efficiency of pancreatic tissues by increasing insulin secretion or decreasing the intestinal absorption of glucose. However, these over-the-counter drugs are expensive and associated with several complications. Herbal medicines are gaining importance as they are cost-effective and also display improved therapeutic effects with lesser side effects. The present analysis includes available medicinal plants used for treating diabetes complications. This study provides useful information about the different medicinal plants for treating diabetes-associated complications. The aim of the study is to categorize and summarize the available information on medicinal plants with anti-diabetic properties and suggest outlooks for future research.
Diabetes the Most Common and Challenging Health Issue of the Modern Life
Diabetes mellitus is a rapidly increasing chronic disease associated with complications resulting in long-term damage and failure of various organ systems. The disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and disturbed metabolism of glucose, fat, and protein. It has emerged as a leading global health problem as the prevalence of Diabetes mellitus is rapidly increasing at epidemic levels throughout the world. Today, diabetes is not the devastating diagnosis it would have been 100 years ago; in fact, it is now a common misconception among the public that diabetes is not a serious disease. In reality, the impact of diabetes is so significant that it is affecting overall life expectancy. The diabetic complications were high among the diabetic patients in TASH. The majority of patients had poor glycemic control. Chronic microvascular complications particularly neuropathy was the most common.
The Role of Nano Sized Particles to Treat Cancer
Nanoparticle technology is a new scientific research method to develop efficient drug delivery to cure various types of cancers. Combinations of anticancer drugs with different polymers are used in the formulation of nanoparticles. The particle size can be analyzed by using a particle size analyzer; morphological characters will observe by using a Scanning Electron Microscope and the potential of particles can be determined by using a zero potential analyzer. Polymorphic and compatible structures of a drug and polymer were determined with Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Fourier Transmission Infrared. By using nanoparticles, the drug shows better absorption, bioavailability, and systemic action.
Antibiotic Resistance with Cancer Treatment
Infections are common in patients with cancer, and they depend upon effective antibiotics to both prevent and treat bacterial infections. Infection is the second leading cause of death in patients with cancer. Loss of efficacy in antibiotics due to antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an urgent threat against the continuing success of cancer therapy. The study highlights the health and financial effect of antibiotic resistance in patients with cancer. Furthermore, recommend measures to control the emergence of antibiotic resistance, highlighting the risk factors associated with cancer care. A lack of data in the etiology of infections, specifically in oncology patients in United States, is identified as a concern, and a centralized and specialized surveillance system for patients with cancer to predict and prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance. In this finding better ways to predict, prevent, and treat antibiotic-resistant infections will have a major positive impact on the care of those with cancer.
Ayurvedic Treatment and Home Remedies for Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes disease is rapidly affecting people. There is no sure cure for this disease. Person can live a healthy life only by controlling it. This disease occurs when the pancreas is unable to use a hormone called insulin properly. This hormone is necessary to control sugar in the blood. There is no cure for diabetes and patients have to depend on medicines to keep blood sugar under control. There are many ways to prevent diabetes, including consuming foods with a low glycemic index and engaging in some form of physical activity. Some Ayurvedic remedies can also be useful for diabetes patients, which are Turmeric and fenugreek water, Fenugreek powder, Gurmar, Periwinkle, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tinospora cordifolia, Cinnamon, Fig leaves, Grape seeds, Olive oil, Garlic, Jamun seeds, Neem, Amla, Aloe vera and Bitter gourd.
Addressing the Financial Burden of Diabetes Patients in India: Future Health Strategies
In India diabetic people are estimated to come to near about 8 crores by 2030.The total yearly economic burden by diabetics on their treatment was, on average, 10,000 INR in urban areas and 6260 INR in rural areas. A survey in India during the years 2008 and 2009 found that total costs for patients without complications were 4493 INR compared to14,692 INR for patients with severe complications. The present review article highlights diabetes treatment ruins the ruler as well as urban people of India. The Government of India implemented Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) a health insurance scheme, under this facility BPL families get protected from health expenses up to 30,000 INR expending load in the rural as well as urban inhabitants of India.
Role of Homeopathic Medicine in Diabetes
Diabetes is a condition that happens when a person’s blood sugar (glucose) is too high. It develops when person pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin or any at all, or when person body isn’t responding to the effects of insulin properly. Diabetes affects people of all ages. Most forms of diabetes are chronic (lifelong), and all forms are manageable with medications and/or lifestyle changes. So many health problems can develop with diabetic people like heart diseases, kidney diseases, eye problems etc. Homeopathic medicine like Abroma Augusta, Jambolanum or S. Cumini (Black Plum), Uranium, Nitricum, Conium, Phosphoric Acid Phosphorus, Argentum Metallicum, Cephalandra Indica, Natrum Mur control the blood glucose levels in diabetes.
The Cognitive and Psychological Behaviors of Teens Having Life with Type-1 Diabetes: A Review and Analysis
Experts believe that juvenile onset diabetes [type 1 diabetes] poses the greatest danger to small children. This is because the body of small children is not fully developed and their immunity is also developing. In such a situation, type 1 diabetes has a deep impact on their body's development and immunity. This is the reason that due to the effects of type 1 diabetes since childhood, they become prone to diseases like high blood pressure, heart attack and stroke. The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights has clearly stated to all the states that children should get such an environment in school, where they do not feel isolated and the process should be inclusive. This thing has not reached the ground yet. The present review paper highlights the cognitive and psychological behaviors of teens having life with Juvenile onset diabetes.
Ocimum sanctum – A Herb for Chronic Diseases: Diabetes and Cancer
The predominant cause of global morbidity and mortality is lifestyle-related chronic diseases viz. Diabetes and cancer, which can be addressed through Ayurveda with its focus on healthy lifestyle practices and regular consumption of adaptogenic herbs. Of all the herbs used within Ayurveda, tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn) is preeminent, and scientific research is now confirming its beneficial effects. There is mounting evidence that tulsi can address the minimize glucose levels in diabetic patients and stop the proliferation as well as metastasis in cancer patients through a best combination phytochemical ingredient. Tulsi has been found to protect organs and tissues against severe diabetic complications. Tulsi has also been shown to counter metabolic stress through normalization of blood glucose. The use of tulsi in daily rituals is a testament to Ayurvedic wisdom and provides an example of ancient knowledge offering solutions to modern problems.
Role of Beetroot Phytochemicals in the Management of Type-2 Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder resulting from either insulin insufficiency or insulin dysfunction. Diabetes mellitus affects most of the people in both developed and developing countries. The treatment of diabetes with synthetic drugs is costly and chances of side effects associated with development of Cancer. Phytomedicine has been used since ancient times in various parts of the world where access to modern medicine is limited. Medicinal plants and phytoconstituents play an important role in the management of non-Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Phytochemicals identified from medicinal plants present an exciting opportunity for the development of new types of therapeutics agents for Non -Insulin Dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Most prevalent among phytochemical is Betanin. This review article aims to provide a recent information on betanine and hypoglycemic activity.
Pancreatic Cancer and Diabetes: A Scientific Analysis
Pancreatic cancer is most often detected at an advanced stage due to a lack of symptoms at the first stage. Pancreatic cancer is relatively uncommon, and screening of the asymptomatic population is not feasible or cost-effective. Therefore, screening of individuals in high-risk groups is recommended. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with pancreatic cancer, and patients with DM are recognized as a high-risk group for pancreatic cancer. This review article shows a scientific analysis between pancreatic cancer and diabetes, including the role of diabetes as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer and its role in inducing the destruction of islet \(\beta\) cells and insulin resistance. Pancreatic cancer causes diabetes and diabetes is a risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer.
Sociology of Diabetes Mellitus- A Review
Diabetes Mellitus is a common endocrine problem that causes elevated blood glucose levels. The major sociological factors associated with diabetes mellitus and its therapeutic management. Among these factors include the socioeconomic status of individuals, social determinants of health, environmental determinants of health, low awareness of diabetes among poorer people in India. Other sociological factors mentioned in this article are people’s habitat and food, effect of health literacy on diabetes mellitus, communication and culture issues and health literacy challenges of people with diabetes mellitus. Socioeconomic status also plays a major role as people in the lower socioeconomic status tend to have diabetes more than those in the higher socioeconomic status.
Biology behind Diabetes and Cancer-Facts and Pathos
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine problem identified by elevated circulating blood glucose levels associated with deficiency in insulin production and insulin activity or both. DM is a major health burden in the present era. The diabetes clinical manifestations are 3 ‘Ps’- polyphagia, polyuria and polydipsia. Cancer is the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. A number of clinical studies have explored diabetes and its causal relation with uncontrolled mitosis. Several studies have found that diabetic patients have higher chances to develop different types of cancers. A cancer patient may suffer from chronic or acute pain. Medicines exist to treat pain. Providing psychological support to cancer patients such as short-term psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy can help in relieving pain. The present article highlights the actual cause behind; diabetes and cancer and how uncontrolled diabetes increases the chances of developing different types of cancer.