Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 3

This is a review of the production of heavy quark states via relativistic heavy ion collisions in RHIC. The heavy quarks here are c, charm quark, and b, bottom quark. The states are charmonium meson states \(\psi\)(nS), with n=1,2 and upsilon meson states Y(mS), with m=1,2,3. Another nonperturbative theory, which is used in our review of mixed hybrid heavy quark mesons, is the method of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) sum rules. QCD sum rules were used to derive the result that the \(\psi\)(2S) and Y(3S) are mixed hybrid states, which increase their production cross sections. We also review the \(\psi\)(nS) and Y(mS) production cross sections via Cu-Cu and Au-Au collisions, which are very important for this review of the production of heavy quark states in RHIC. The possible detection of the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) is also reviewed.

Clear air turbulence (CAT) has sometimes form of limited patches which are only few hundreds or even tens of meters thick but may extend over many kilometres in horizontal. In certain conditions such patches being  once formed by some external mechanism, may create an internal feedback maintaining  their existence over longer time. The paper shows an example of such feedback, based on redistribution of Richardson number by turbulent mixing within the patch.

This research aims to modify Kapton-polyimide film by using ions such as iron (Fe) or Gadolinium (Gd) and to investigate the relation between the existence of the phases, magnetic properties, and microwave absorption. Kapton-polyimide films have been modified by using ion implantation of Fe and Gd ions at dose 1 × 10¹⁷ ions/cm² and energy ions 30 keV. From X-ray diffraction (XRD) were verified the existence phases such as iron oxide, or Gd-oxide, and graphitic Carbon. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) measurement of the films showed a paramagnetic behavior. Microwave absorption (MWA) properties were measured by Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) at the X band range (8-12GHz). VNA measurement results showed the enhancement of MWA from -22dB for Kapton original film to -35dB for at S₁₁ vector direction and until -40 dB for S₂₂ vector direction of modified Kapton film by Fe and Gd ions. It can be concluded that the nanostructure of embedded Fe-oxide or Gd-oxide nanoparticles on the near-surface of Kapton film takes a role and give rise to the MWA properties of the film.   

The article shows that the special theory of relativity (SRT) created in the last century was based on postulates due to the lack of the required experimental information and turned out to be incorrect, as its principle of light speed non-exceedance was refuted by studies of special processes in linear electric circuits in the 21st century. And thus, it made obsolete the OPERA and ICARUS experiments carried out at the Large Hadron Collider. Therefore, an alternative version of the SRT has been proposed. Its relativistic formulas imply the existence of numerous mutually invisible parallel universes and antiverses. It is explained how they can be seen. There is antimatter, as well as anti-space and anti-time in antiverses. It is now generally accepted that the Big Bang produced not only matter, but also antimatter.

We study the dynamics of photon-scalar interaction (mixing) by operators of mass dimension five (predicted in numerous theories, beyond standard model), in various kinds of media. Our main objectives are to study medium specific modifications to the mixing dynamics of of photons with pseudoscalar (axion a(x)) and scalar e.g., dilaton, moduli etc. (denoted by  ) dark matter candidates. We look into spectro-polarimetric as well as oscillation aspects of the same and their possible astrophysical consequences.

Dark matter and dark energy, the astrophysical objects of study, are so named because they are invisible and incomprehensible. Among other things, they are incomprehensible in terms of physical optics. The article explains that their invisibility is due to their correspondence to imaginary physical entities, the reality of which has been proven.

The study analysing the issue of the gravity fields of universe through another corner depending upon previous theories and concepts to find the way that guide to determine the material of the gravity particles and understand the mechanism of the universe gravity fields, choosing the atomic and nuclear construction to investigate the issue of the gravity.

Purpose: Determine the material of the gravity particles and understand the mechanism of the universe gravity fields.

Method: Reverse engineering to determine the smallest sub-particles of material observing the results in the moment of crashing Neutrons in the materials accelerator to determine the smallest construction unit of the Neutron, then expect via the theory of the probabilities the model of sitting of Photons in the Neutrons through the concept of the theory of probabilities.

Results: The material of the gravity particles are Photons and the mechanism of the universe gravity fields depends upon the magnetic fields of Electrons and Positrons of Photons of the gravity fields.

It is well known that the methods of integral transformations in the theory of partial differential equations enabled the solution of many problems and the clarification of the physical meaning of some fundamental laws and phenomena in fluid mechanics. In this regard, the Navier-Stokes system, which describes the flow of a viscous incompressible fluid, is examined in this chapter. Furthermore, the original problem is transformed to a system of second-order integral equations using the developed method, and the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the non-stationary Navier-Stokes problem in the special space, which was introduced in this chapter, are proved using the theory of these systems. The solution was acquired for velocity and pressure in an analytical form, as well as the discovered pressure distribution law, which is explained by a Poisson type equation and plays a fundamental role in the theory of Navier-Stokes systems in constructing analytic smooth (conditionally smooth) solutions.

A hypothesis of the hidden Multiverse is suggested. The Multiverse is referred to as hidden, since all parallel universes forming it are invisible to the inhabitants of other parallel universes, except for their own. Visiting by humans one of the universes adjacent to our parallel universe would certainly be the strongest evidence of existence of the hidden Multiverse. The nature of mutual invisibility of parallel Universes is explained. It is argued that the structure of the Multiverse proposed herein explains the dark matter /dark energy phenomena, which, in turn, confirm the existence of the hidden Multiverse. The validity of the suggested hypothesis is verified by the data obtained by the WMAP and Planck spacecraft. The hypothesis can also be supported by investigation of portals found on the planet Earth and by people visiting trans-portal areas. Exploration of resources of the hidden Multiverse will greatly facilitate the development of the human civilization.