Editor(s)

Dr. Dharmesh Chandra Sharma
Associate Blood Transfusion Officer ( ABTO), Incharge Blood Component & Aphaeresis Unit Blood Bank, Department of Pathology, J. A. Groups of Hospital  and G. R. Medical College , India.

ISBN 978-93-90768-37-0 (Print)
ISBN 978-93-90768-38-7 (eBook)
DOI: 10.9734/bpi/rtcms/v9

This book covers key areas of medical science. The contributions by the authors include   neuro-developmental disorder, therapeutic strategies, depression disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, electromagnetic fields, oncology, gas discharge visualization technique, epithelial lesions, colonoscopy, neoplasia, depressive disorders, mental health, lymphoma, urinary bladder, radiotherapy, nocturia, primary leiomyosarcoma of the prostate, prostate biopsy, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, histopathology, immune histochemistry, cytogenetic study, prognosis, multi-modality adjuvant therapy, angiography,  urothelial carcinoma, granular, eosinophilic-debris, lamina-propria-infiltration, muscularis-propria-infiltration, high-proliferation-index. This book contains various materials suitable for students, researchers and academicians in the field of medical sciences.

 

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Chapters


Resilience and ADHD: What is New?

J. V. C. Freire, R. A. Cerqueira, D. F. Sousa, J. F. A. Novaes, T. M. Farias, S. F. M. Cal

Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 9, 5 March 2021, Page 1-15
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcms/v9/7765D

ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by inattentive, impulsive or hyperactive behaviors that are manifested in a disproportional manner, considering the age and level of development of the individual. Resilience (RS) is a construct understood as being a dynamic process of positive adaptation within the context of great adversity. Studies about RS in ADHD may provide new therapeutic strategies. The aim of this study was to conduct an integrative review of the literature with the purpose of seeking to understand the aspects of RS and ADHD that have been studied over the last few years, as well as which advancements and new approaches have been made with regard to management of the disability. An integrative review of the literature was made in the databases of PubMed, SciELO, Lilacs and PsycINFO with the descriptors “TDAH e RESILIÊNCIA” and “ADHD AND RESILIENCE”. The articles included were those published in scientific journals over the last 20 years, written in the Portuguese, English or Spanish language, and within the age-range of the sample of up to 18 years. The review studies were excluded. In total 119 articles were identified, and after triage, 57 eligible articles remained. After application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the abstracts of the studies identified and removal of the duplicated studies, 09 studies were included and revised, of which 08 had a quantitative and 01 a qualitative approach. The articles pointed out strong relations between ADHD and low levels of RS, with increase in negative outcomes in adolescence, such as academic failure, lower self-esteem and development of anxiety and depression disorders. In a similar manner family members of individuals with ADHD also have more propensity to developing anxiety and depression disorders, which may be explained by the fact they share endophenotypes and by their exposure to similar factors that induce RS, such as family conflicts and adversities.

Results of Research on Identifying Patients with Colon Neoplasias with Gas Discharge Visualization Technique

E. G. Yakovleva, E. D. Fedorov, K. G. Korotkov, S. S. Belonosov

Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 9, 5 March 2021, Page 16-27
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcms/v9/7668D

Objective: Initial assessment of the potential of using the Gas Discharge Visualization (GDV) technique to identify patients with colon neoplasia.

Materials and Methods: The group of medical doctors used the Gas Discharge Visualization (GDV) camera to assess subjects with different epithelial lesions. A colonoscopy was performed on each of the 132 subjects, followed by a GDV scan. An endoscopic examination identified colon epithelial lesions 77 patients. The control group consisted of remaining 55 people without lesions. The age of the subjects ranged from 17 to 85 years (mean 64.6 ± 1.2). The study analyzed GDV images of each subject's finger and separate sectors corresponding to the organs in question.

Results: There were a significant number of differences between the control group and the group of patients with colon tumors. We examined the dynamics of the parameters as the level of tumor dysplasia (neoplasia) varied. The values of the following parameters: normalized luminescence area, internal noise, contour radius, and average luminescence intensity - decrease in the control group as compared to patients with cancerous polyps. The values of the following parameters: radius of the inscribed circle, contour line length, area of luminescence, contour line fractality, contour line entropy, form coefficients – increased by comparison.

Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrated a statistical difference between the GDV parameters of patients with colon tumors and the control group.

Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and their related factors in Japan. Depressive disorder is one of the most common mental disorders and is a major public health problem in Japan. The results were analyzed to identify the relationship between high scores on the CES-D, socio-demographic status, and employment-related variables.

Methods: Employees in Akita prefecture completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) during a survey period between November and December 2010. The cutoff point for the CES-D scores was 16 or above (high scorers).

Results: Data from 1,476 employees indicated that 44.2% had high scores on the CES-D. Socio-demographic and occupation-related factors associated with a high risk of depression were being female, young age, fewer hours of sleep on weekdays, and working over 8 hours per day, whereas drinking alcohol one to two days per week, albeit only in men, was significantly associated with a low risk of depression. The present results were consistent with the results of a previous survey completed in 2007; however, the present results regarding job categories and smoking behavior were not significantly associated with depression, and thus were inconsistent with the 2007 survey data.

Conclusions: The data presented in this paper will help identify employees at high risk of depressive disorders as well as detect the contributing socio-demographic and work-related factors. These results can be useful as benchmark values for the CES-D and might help predict depressive disorders.

Top Up Diamond Mobile Legends Tanpa Ribet dan Lebih Terjangkau di Platform Terpercaya Ini

Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo

Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 9, 5 March 2021, Page 39-69
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcms/v9/1624F

Dalam komunitas Mobile Legends, pembelian diamond jadi aktivitas yang makin lumrah dilakukan. Baik untuk membuka skin tertentu, mengikuti event eksklusif, atau meningkatkan progres permainan, diamond memegang peranan penting. Sayangnya, tidak semua tempat pengisian diamond memberikan kenyamanan, keamanan, dan harga yang masuk akal dalam satu paket. Itulah sebabnya banyak pemain kini beralih ke Warung Top Up platform yang dikenal simpel namun sangat bisa diandalkan.

Meski tampilannya terkesan sederhana, layanan di Warung Top Up jelas tidak bisa diremehkan. Proses pembelian diamond di sini berlangsung tanpa perlu login akun game sama sekali. Kamu cukup menyediakan User ID dan nomor server dari game, lalu pilih jumlah diamond dan metode pembayaran yang kamu sukai. Tidak ada proses ribet yang bikin bingung.

Satu hal yang jadi nilai tambah besar adalah sistem transaksi yang praktis dan minim risiko. Warung Top Up tidak pernah meminta data sensitif seperti username dan password akun game, yang sering jadi celah penyalahgunaan di platform lain. Hal ini memberikan rasa aman tersendiri bagi pembeli, apalagi di tengah maraknya kasus pembobolan akun akibat salah pilih tempat top up.

Dari sisi pembayaran, pilihan yang disediakan cukup lengkap. Kamu bisa membayar lewat e-wallet seperti DANA, GoPay, OVO, bahkan ShopeePay. Kalau tidak punya akses ke dompet digital, masih ada opsi pembayaran via pulsa atau transfer bank. Ini membuka akses luas, bahkan bagi pengguna muda yang belum punya rekening bank atau kartu kredit.

Top up ML murah bisa dilakukan kapan saja tanpa harus antre atau menunggu lama. Banyak pengguna melaporkan bahwa diamond langsung masuk ke akun hanya dalam hitungan menit setelah pembayaran berhasil. Tidak perlu konfirmasi manual atau kirim bukti transfer seperti di tempat lain yang masih memakai sistem jadul.

Struktur situsnya dibuat seefisien mungkin. Tidak ada menu membingungkan atau tampilan yang terlalu ramai. Semua langkah diatur jelas, mulai dari memilih jumlah diamond hingga proses pembayaran. Bahkan pengguna yang belum pernah melakukan transaksi serupa pun bisa dengan mudah memahami alurnya.

Kunjungi juga : Kalkulator Wr - Hitung Win Rate

Soal harga, Warung Top Up cukup berani bersaing. Dibanding beberapa platform besar, selisih harga yang ditawarkan bisa lumayan menghemat. Tidak heran jika banyak gamer yang kini menjadikannya sebagai tempat langganan untuk pengisian diamond, terutama bagi mereka yang ingin tetap hemat tanpa mengorbankan kualitas layanan.

Banyak testimoni positif membuktikan bahwa layanan ini bukan sekadar wacana. Pengguna lama menyebutkan bahwa mereka tidak pernah mengalami masalah berarti. Dukungan pelanggan juga aktif dan responsif jika sewaktu-waktu ada kendala teknis. Semua ini menambah kepercayaan para pemain terhadap platform ini sebagai tempat top up yang aman dan cepat.

Jika kamu mencari solusi praktis untuk beli diamond ML dengan harga bersaing dan sistem yang tidak menyulitkan, Warung Top Up jelas layak dipertimbangkan. Tanpa login, tanpa prosedur rumit, tapi tetap cepat dan bisa dipercaya.

Primary Leiomyosarcoma of the Prostate Gland: A Review and Update

Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo

Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 9, 5 March 2021, Page 70-97
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcms/v9/1625F

Primary leiomyosarcoma of the prostate (PLSOP) is rare, with less than 200 cases reported so far. PLSOPs present with lower urinary tract symptoms, haematuria, and perineal pain; may or may not be associated with a history of previous treatment for adenocarcinoma of prostate by means of radiotherapy and or hormonal treatment; may afflict children and adult male. Examination may reveal benign enlarged prostate and hard enlarged mass. PLSOPs may be diagnosed by histological examination findings of spindle-shaped carcinoma cells in prostate specimens. Immunohistochemical staining tends to be positive for vimentin, CD44, smooth muscle actin, and calponin, focally positive for desmin, and at times positive for keratin. They stain negatively for PSA, S-100, CD34, CD117, and cytokeratin. Cytogenetic study on primary leiomyosarcoma of the prostate gland may show clonal chromosomal rearrangement involving Chromosomes 2, 3, 9, 11, and 19. On the whole the prognosis is poor. Surgery with or without chemotherapy would appear to be the mainstay of treatment for PLSOPs that are operable, but generally there is no consensus opinion on the best therapeutic approach. Most cases of PLSOPs are diagnosed in an advanced stage of the disease. A global multi-centre trial is required to find therapies that would improve the prognosis. New treatment options need to be explored including: Cryotherapy plus multi-modality adjuvant therapy, radiofrequency ablation of the tumour plus multi-modality adjuvant therapy, selective prostatic artery angiography and super-selective embolization of the arterial branch supplying the tumour plus multi-modality adjuvant therapy, immunotherapy plus multi-modality adjuvant therapy.

Microcystic Variant of Urothelial Carcinoma: A Review and Update

Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo

Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 9, 5 March 2021, Page 98-112
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcms/v9/1626F

Background: Microcystic variant of urothelial carcinoma is one of the new variants of urothelial carcinoma that was added to the WHO classification in 2004.

Aims: To review the literature on microcystic variant of urothelial carcinoma.

Materials and Methods: Various internet search engines were used to document the presentation, diagnosis, management and outcomes of microcystic variant of urothelial carcinoma.

Results: (Summary of the Review and Update of the Literature): Microcystic urothelial carcinoma is a rare variant of urothelial carcinoma which was added to the WHO classification in 2004.

Microscopic examination of microcystic variant of urothelial carcinoma tends to reveal the ensuing characteristic features:

  • Conspicuous intracellular and intercellular lumina / microcysts encompassed by malignant urothelial or squamous cells.
  • The lumina tend to be empty but they may contain granular eosinophilic debris, mucin, or necrotic cells.
  • The cysts tend to be variable in size and they are either round or oval, up to 2mm; they are lined by urothelium which are either flattened cells or low columnar cells however, they do not contain colonic epithelium or goblet cells.
  • The cysts tend to be infiltrative and they may invade the muscularis propria.
  •  Their microscopic pattern mimics cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis which should be considered as differential diagnoses.
  • Elongated and irregular branching spaces are usually seen.
  • Occasionally they may exhibit neuroendocrine differentiation.   

Out of about 17 cases of microcystic variant of urothelial carcinoma that had earlier on been reported, only 2 patients had survived. Three more patients were reported from 2017 to 2020 and two of them had survived for 2 years in one case, six months in another case, but definite confirmation of the outcome of the third person as to how long he survived was not available to the author.

Because of the rarity of microcystic variant of urothelial carcinoma its biological behaviour is not well known but there is some evidence to suggest that this tumour tends to be of high-grade and high-stage.  There is also no consensus opinion on the best option of treatment of the tumour.

Conclusions: Microcystic variant of urothelial carcinoma is a rare tumour and to the knowledge of the author less than 25 cases have been reported in the literature.

In view of the limited number of reported cases of microcystic variant of urothelial carcinoma in the literature, it would prove difficult at the moment to be dogmatic regarding its prognosis.

However, it would appear from the few reported cases of microcystic urothelial carcinoma that on the whole this tumour is a highly aggressive tumour.

Urologists, pathologists and oncologists throughout the world should be encouraged to report new cases of microcystic urothelial carcinoma in order to document the biological behaviour such a rare tumour.

Nested Variant of Urothelial Carcinoma: A Review and Update of the Literature

Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo

Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 9, 5 March 2021, Page 113-142
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcms/v9/1627F

Background: Nested Variant of urothelial Carcinoma was added to the World Health Organization’s classification in 2004 as a new variant.

Aims: To review the literature on nested variant of urothelial carcinoma.

Results: About 200 cases of Nested variant of urothelial carcinoma have been reported so far and the tumour has the ensuing morphological features: Large numbers of small confluent irregular nests of bland-appearing, closely packed, haphazardly arranged, poorly defined urothelial cells which infiltrate the lamina propria and the muscularis propria.

The tumour which has a bland histomorphology appearance, is reported to have an aggressive biological behaviour.

Because of the tumour’s bland appearance, it has been at times mis-diagnosed as a benign lesion which had led to a significant delay in the establishment of the correct diagnosis and contributing to the advanced stage of the disease.

Immunohistochemically, the tumour shares some characteristic features with high-risk conventional urothelial carcinomas such as, high proliferation index, and loss of p27 expression. However, p53, bcl-2, or EGF-r immunoreactivity is not frequently seen.

The tumour must be differentiated from a number of proliferative lesions of the urothelium

Conclusions: Correct and early diagnosis of this tumour is essential in order to provide early curative treatment in order to avoid diagnosis at an advanced stage. A multi-centre trial is required to identify treatment options that would improve the outcome of this tumour.