Editor(s)
Dr. Oscar Jaime Restrepo Baena
Professor,
Department of Materials and Minerals, School of Mines, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia.
Profile Link: http://www.docentes.unal.edu.co/ojrestre

ISBN 978-93-5547-215-1 (Print)
ISBN 978-93-5547-223-6 (eBook)
DOI: 10.9734/bpi/rtcams/v7

 

This book covers key areas of  Chemical and Material Sciences. The contributions by the authors include strontium-britholite, raman spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, heterojunction, optoelectronic properties, ZnO nanowires, electrical transport behavior, Internal harmonized analytical method, malachite green, leuco-malachite green, high-performance liquid chromatography, photo-diode array, time-space manifold, elementary particle physics, vacuum, Riemannian space, Aluminum welding, gas metal arc welding, laser welding, carbon materials, nanocomposites, signaling effect, nanostructure, precipitation method, hydrothermal treatment, wet chemical technique, characterization, chip formation, recrystallization processes, reciprocal randic index, reduced reciprocal randic index, reduced second Zagreb index, forgotten index, non-neighbor vertices, heat-mass exchange, conditioning systems, energy consumption. This book contains various materials suitable for students, researchers and academicians in the field of Chemical and Material Sciences.


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Chapters


Elaboration and Characterization of Phosphosilicates Apatites Containing Lanthanum

Khaled Boughzala, Mustapha Hidouri

Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 7, 7 March 2022, Page 1-15
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcams/v7/2581C

Two series of strontium–lanthanum apatites, Sr10-xLax(PO4)6-x(SiO4)xF2 and Sr10-xLax(PO4)6-x(SiO4)xO with  0 \(\leq\) x \(\leq\) 6, were  synthesized by solid state reaction in the temperature range of 1200–1400°C. The obtained materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy and infrared and Raman measurements were performed to investigate the crystal structure and vibrational active modes.

Pure solid solutions were obtained within a limited range of unsubstituted phosphate and silicate apatites. A variation of the lattice parameters was observed, with an increase of a and a decrease of c parameters, related to the radius of the corresponding substituted ions.

The bands of Infrared and Raman spectra were assigned to the vibration modes of PO4 and SiO4 groups. The comparison of the results of 29Si MAS NMR analysis with those obtained with the 31P, suggested that both species occupied the same crystallographic sites.

Properties of Boron-Doped Diamond and One-Dimensional-Metal-Oxide Based P-N Heterojunction: A Review

Yu Yao, Dandan Sang, Liangrui Zou, Xueting Wang, Qinglin Wang

Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 7, 7 March 2022, Page 16-41
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcams/v7/3551E

The optoelectronic properties of diamond-based one-dimensional metal-oxide heterojunctions are the primary focus of this review. We begin by briefly introducing the research progress on one-dimensional (1D)-metal-oxide heterojunctions and the characteristics of the p-type boron-doped diamond (BDD) film; then, we explain the use of three oxide types (ZnO, TiO2, and WO3) in diamond-based-1D-metal-oxide heterojunctions, including fabrication, epitaxial growth, photocatalytic properties, electrical transport behaviour, and negative differential resistance behaviour, particularly at higher temperatures. Finally, we analyse the research's problems and prospective trends. The findings of a decade of research into high-performance diamond-based heterojunctions will aid in the creation of photoelectric nano-devices for high-temperature and high-power applications.

Excellent Electrical Properties of n-ZnO Nanowire/p-B-doped Diamond Heterojunction

Yu Yao, Dandan Sang, Liangrui Zou, Xueting Wang, Qinglin Wang

Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 7, 7 March 2022, Page 42-51
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcams/v7/3552E

This work explores the high-temperature carrier electrical transport behavior of n-ZnO nanowires (NWs)/p-diamond heterojunctions. The rectifying behavior was observed with the turn on voltage of a low value (0.8 V). The forward current at 5 V is 12 times higher than the larger diameter of n-ZnO nanorods (NRs)/p-BDD heterojunction. The temperature-dependent carrier transport mechanisms, recombination-tunneling and space-charge-limited current conduction in n-ZnO NWs/p-BDD and n-ZnO NRs/p-BDD heterojunctions at different bias voltages are discussed. The proposed equilibrium energy band diagrams are used to analyse the carrier injection process mechanism for ZnO NWs/BDD. The ZnO NWs/BDD heterojunction presents improved I-V characteristics and relatively high performance for the electrical transport properties. This research further expands and optimizes the application of diamond-based devices.

Using an isocratic hazardous organic solvent/reagent-free mobile phase, this chapter describes a reserved-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for detecting malachite green (MG) and leucomalachite green (LMG). Eliminating the use of toxic solvents and reagents is an important goal in terms of environmental conservation, human health and the economy. Chromatographic separations were performed an Inertsil® WP300 C4 with 0.02 mol/L octane sulfonic acid-ethanol mobile phase and a photodiode-array detector. The overall running time was about 5 minutes. The suitability of the system met all of the international acceptance standards. A safe approach for simultaneously detecting MG and LMG has been discovered, and it could be used to quantify meals in the future.

Study on Thermal Welding of Aluminum Alloys

Emil Schubert

Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 7, 7 March 2022, Page 64-72
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcams/v7/3579E

Aluminum alloys with there low density are ideal materials for light weight structures, but need special knowledge due to other physical and technical properties.

The publication shows ways to overcome these challenges applying appropriate material preparation and handling in combination with specialized welding equipment for Aluminium welding.

Application examples demonstrate the state of the art in Aluminium welding.

Electrochemical and Photocatalytic Applications of Silver-doped Cobalt Ferrite Anchored on Graphene Sheets

M. A. Majeed Khan, Wasi Khan, Maqusood Ahamed, Jahangeer Ahmed

Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 7, 7 March 2022, Page 73-88
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcams/v7/15642D

The current study describes the synthesis of anAg-CoFe2O4/rGO nanocomposite as a photocatalyst via a hydrothermal process that involves the attachment of silver and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles to the surface of reduced graphene oxide. Various analytical techniques are used to investigate the effect of Ag and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on the structure, optical, magnetic, photocatalytic, and electrochemical performance of CoFe2O4. The results show that the graphene sheets are exfoliated and decorated with well-dispersed Ag and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. UV-visible spectra show a gradual shift in the absorption edge towards higher wavelengths with the addition of Ag ions, indicating variation in the samples' energy gap. The photoluminescence results show that graphene can reduce electron-hole recombination and improve the photocatalytic activity of the Ag-CoFe2O4/rGO nanocomposite. In this sense, theAg-CoFe2O4/rGO sample exhibits superior catalytic activity to the CoFe2O4 and Ag-CoFe2O4 photocatalysts for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye, indicating that rGO plays an important role in the Ag-CoFe2O4/rGO nanocomposite. The deterioration rate of the samples is found in the order of CoFe2O4(78.03%) <Ag-CoFe2O4(83.04%) < Ag-CoFe2O4/rGO(93.25%) in 100 min for MB dye respectively, under visible light irradiation. M-H hysteresis loop measurements confirm the samples' room temperature ferromagnetic behaviour. Overall, the Ag-CoFe2O4/rGO nanocomposite appears to be a strong magnetic photocatalyst for the treatment of contaminated wastewater. The electrochemical performance of all samples was examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV), which reveals that the Ag-CoFe2O4/rGO nanocomposite outperforms the other samples in terms of rate performance and cycle stability.

Toxicity Preventive Potential of Anti-Inflammatory CeO2 Nanoparticles in HUVE Cells

Mohd Javed Akhtar, Maqusood Ahamed

Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 7, 7 March 2022, Page 89-105
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcams/v7/3584E

The mechanism behind the cytoprotective potential of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) against cytotoxic nitric oxide (NO) donors and H2O2 is still not clear. Synthesized and characterized CeO2 NPs significantly ameliorated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokines IL-1\(\beta\) and TNF-\(\alpha\). The main objective of this study was to determine the capacities of CeO2 NPs regarding their signaling effects that could have occurred due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or NO, since NP-induced ROS/NO did not lead to toxicity in HUVE cells. To achieve this objective, two NO-donors were applied in human umbilical vein-derived endothelial (HUVE) cells in con-junction with CeO2 NPs. To the best of our knowledge, there is limited research regarding modulatory potential of CeO2 NPs against known NO-donors. The two NO donors used in this study were SNP (sodium nitroprusside, #ab145732 from Abcam plc, Cambridge, UK) and DETA-NO (Z)-1-[N-(2-Aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate or DETA-NONOate #ab144627 from Abcam plc, Cambridge, UK). Concentrations that induced 50% cell death (i.e., IC50s) of two NO donors (DETA-NO; 1250 ± 110 µM and sodium nitroprusside (SNP); 950 ± 89 µM) along with the IC50 of H2O2 (120 ± 7 µM) were utilized to evaluate cytoprotective potential and its underlying mechanism. We determined total ROS (as a collective marker of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical \(O_2\bullet-\) hydroxyl radical, etc.) by DCFH-DA and used a \(O_2\bullet-\) specific probe DHE to decipher prominent ROS. The findings revealed that signaling effects mediated mainly by \(O_2\bullet-\)  and/or NO are responsible for the amelioration of toxicity by CeO2 NPs at 100 µg/mL. The unaltered effect on mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) due to NP exposure and, again, CeO2 NPs-mediated recovery in the loss of MMP due to exogenous NO donors and H2O2 suggested that NP-mediated \(O_2\bullet-\)  production might be extra-mitochondrial. Data on activated glutathione reductase (GR) and unaffected glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities partially explain the mechanism behind the NP-induced gain in GSH and persistent cytoplasmic ROS. The promoted antioxidant capacity due to non-cytotoxic ROS and/or NO production, rather than inhibition, by CeO2 NP treatment may allow cells to develop the capacity to tolerate exogenously induced toxicity.

Hydrothermal route and solution reaction method are adopted for the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowders. Depending on precursors and preparation conditions, the obtained products possessed one of four following different morphologies: nanoparticle, microrod, nanoplate or nanotube. In this article, we report our investigation results of ZnO nanostructures preparation using a template-free aqueous solution based simple chemical route. Zinc nitrate hexahydrate Zn(NO3)2.6H2O was used as precursor for ZnO nanostructures. ZnO microrods and nanoplates were synthesized by a hydrothermal approach using Zn(NO3)2 and KOH as reaction chemicals. ZnO nanotubes were obtained by a chemical reaction of Zn(NO3)2 and NH4OH. And ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by precipitation method from zinc nitrate and ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3 in aqueous solution. The structures, morphology, and element components of these ZnO products fabricated by the above-mentioned methods were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). These experimental results demonstrated that the as-prepared ZnO nanoparticles have average diameter of 30-60 nm; rod-like ZnO has average diameter of about 350 nm and the length of 3.5 mm; plate-like ZnO has average thickness of about 40 nm and lateral size of 200´400 nm; ZnO nanotubes have outer diameter of about 400 nm and inner diameter of about 300 nm, the length of about 4 mm. The XRD results indicated that all four morphologies of ZnO are all wurtzite structure. It is found that the wet chemical technique is very promising for fabricating ZnO nanocrystallines with various morphologies. Our investigation makes useful contribution to the ZnO nanostructures studies, and can be used to explore potential applications in gas sensor, photocatalysts, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate and optoelectronic devices.

Determination of Finite Element Analysis of Chip Formation using ALE Method

Jayaprakash Venugopal, Anish Mariadhas

Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 7, 7 March 2022, Page 117-123
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcams/v7/15704D

Many studies in FEM on plain isotropic metal plate formulation have been conducted recently. The stress analysis plays an important role in the structural safety and system stability. The stress and distortion estimation is extremely useful for designing and manufacturing high-quality products. Typically, residual stress and plastic strain determine the fatigue life of a structure; however, it also plays an important role in design and material selection. When the magnitude of the load increases, a crack begins to form, reducing the work load and residual stress, and thus reducing metal damage. The manufacturing process is a key parameter in process and forming the part of any system. However, machining operations involve complex things like hot development, material properties, and other estimates based on plastic strain and residual stress transition. In the finite element study, the reduction of residual stress plays a role in the complexity. This paper is about manufacturing processes that have less residual stress and strain. In this paper an arbitrary Lagrangian\(-\)Eulerian (ALE) formulation has been developed for the simulation of metal removal processes. The findings demonstrate that by using the ALE method in machining, we can reduce the load on the work piece and thus increase the life type of the work piece. We also investigate cutting tool wear and efficiency because it is a critical machine component in fabrication technology. The machining operation was solved using the ABAQUS platform.

Study of the Potentiality of Using Three Raw Materials from Burkina Faso in Porcelain Formulations

Youssouf Sawadogo, Lamine Zerbo, Moustapha Sawadogo, Mohamed Seynou, Moussa Gomina, Philippe Blanchart

Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 7, 7 March 2022, Page 124-142
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcams/v7/1810B

Porcelain is a ceramic product formulate from a typical triaxial mixture: clay and kaolin; quartz; feldspar. The use of three mineral materials from Burkina Faso in the formulation of porcelains has been studied. The characterization results showed that the clay « NONG » contains kaolinite (62%), illite (18%), quartz (17%) and rutile (1%). The pegmatite « PEG » contains albite (17%), muscovite (44%) and quartz (34%). The sand « SAB » is mainly composed of quartz. Formulation of traditional hard porcelain generally requires 50% kaolin, 25% silica and 25% feldspar. Some samples were shaped by casting into porous molds and sintered at temperatures ranging from 1200 °C to 1300°C. During firing, clay « NONG » has a role in mullite recrystallization and the formation of a vitreous phase. « PEG » contributes to the quantity and behavior of the liquid phase at temperatures above 1050 °C. It contributes to taking control of sintering process, allowing a virtually zero (<0.5%) open porosity. « SAB » promotes thermal and dimensional stability thanks to its high melting point and is involved in recrystallization processes and liquid phase behavior. XRD of all specimens shows that it composed amorphous, mullite and quartz phases. Characterization of the specimens sintered at 1250 °C evidenced interesting results: a density ranging from 2.3 to 2.5; a water absorption below 0.5%; an open porosity of less than 1%; a flexural strength above 35 MPa. Consequently, materials fired above this temperature are closely related to the porcelain group.

Some Topological Indices of Tri-Hexagonal Boron Nanotube and Nanotori: A Descriptive Analysis

S. B. Chandrakala, G. R. Roshini, B. Sooryanarayana

Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 7, 7 March 2022, Page 143-155
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcams/v7/2009A

A larger number of studies reveal that, there is a strong inherent connection between the chemical characteristics of nanostructures and their molecular structures. Degree-based topological indices introduced on these chemical molecular structures can help material scientists better understand its chemical and biological features. In this chapter, on the concept of edge partition of graphs, we have obtained several degree-based indices of nanostructures: Tri-Hexagonal Boron Nanotube, Tri-Hexagonal boron nanotorus and Tri-Hexagonal boron \(-\alpha\) nanotorus.

Assessing the Methods for Forming Interfacial Heat-Mass Exchange Surface in Flowing Air Contact with Water

A. G. Averkin, A. I. Eremkin, S. O. Kiselev

Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 7, 7 March 2022, Page 156-162
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcams/v7/15715D

In contact devices for air steam treatment, an overview of ways for producing interfacial heat-mass exchange surfaces is offered. The employment of a plate head-piece with a mechanical vibration exciter is proposed as an effective approach for creating a heat-mass exchange surface in air flow contact with water during adiabatic wetting in air conditioning systems. For these conditions, a technique of defining the area of the interfacial heat-mass exchange surface based on the number of transfer units is established.  When a plate head-piece with a vibration exciter is employed for adiabatic air wetting, the criteria equations that explain heat and mass transfer are found. Because of the reduced aerodynamic resistance of the air channel and process intensification, using a plate head-piece with vibration exciter as a contact device saves energy consumption.