Recent Progress in Science and Technology Vol. 5

The effects of comprehensive interventions in erosion control, increasing water accessibility, developing agroforestry, managing natural resources sustainably, increasing agricultural productivity, and addressing the socioeconomic needs of farmers were investigated. The impacts of major watershed development programmes have been outlined in terms of biophysical impacts, environmental impacts, socio-economic impacts and overall economic impacts. It is pointed out that the watershed development activities have made significant positive impacts on various biophysical aspects such as soil and water conservation, soil fertility, soil and water erosion in cropped area, changes in cropping pattern, cropping intensity, production and productivity of crops. The study was conducted in South Pennaiyar catchment in Dharmapuri, Salem, Villupuram, Vellore, Thiruvannamalai districts of Tamil Nadu for three years during 2012-14. By employing stratified random sampling method 15 study watersheds (SWS) were selected and the benchmark data collected by the PIA at the time of project planning were used for the study and analyzed through budgeting techniques or appropriate statistics. The evaluation study reveals that 8 to 10 percent reduction of runoff. Soil loss also reduced in the range of 1.1 to 1.9 t ha^-1yr^-1. Gully control structures made their impacts in terms of arresting silts at the rate of about 10.1 cum yr^-1 in one watershed and stabilized the gullies. Increased water table in the range of 0.32 and 0.93 m with increased duration of water availability in wells for more than 9 months and increased recuperation rate (1.8 to 6.5 per cent) were observed. An additional surface storage capacity of 26.4 ha - m per watershed was created due to watershed interventions. The Net Present value of the project is about Rs. 52,238 lakhs without considering intangible benefits. The economic soundness of the project is also amply indicated by BCR (1.65:1) and IRR (53%) and the whole investment made in the project can be recovered within seven years. The NPV of the project further improved by inclusion of monetary value of the nutrient due to reduced soil erosion. The value of NPV was more than Rs. 63,968 Lakhs with 1.72 BCR and 65.5 % IRR. It is advised that the river valley project in Tamil Nadu's South Pennaiyar catchment be given priority in order to promote sustainable agricultural growth in the river and reservoir catchments.The evaluation study conclude that such projects should be taken in the catchments of reservoirs on priority in a more concentrated and coordinated manner with active participation of local community, guided by technological requirement rather than the rigid government norms along with technical back stopping mechanism and withdrawal strategy.

A series of 3-(p-substituted phenylazo)-6-pyridone dyes that can be used to dye polyester fabrics are created, and its synthesis is discussed. Various solvents were used to analyse the dyes' visible absorption spectra, and it was discovered that the compounds in solution displayed an equilibrium between hydrazone and common anion. The electronic absorption spectra cover a \(\lambda\)max range of 404 -464 nm in DMF at uniformly high absorption intensity between 5.33 × 104 - 8.55 × 104 l·mol–1·cm–1 and gave bright intense hues of yellow to orange on polyester fabrics. The dyes have great exhaustion between 72% and 79% for polyester fabrics, are more intense, and have very good fastness properties on polyester fabrics, according to measurements of the colour parameters of the dyed materials. The extraordinary level of levelness and brightness after washing is a sign of good penetration and strong affinity of these dyes for the polyester fabric.

ChatGPT, the Generative Pretrained Transformer developed by OpenAI, has the potential to revolutionize the field of cybersecurity through its ability to identify and fix software vulnerabilities with high accuracy and generate complex code, which can enhance productivity. This paper conducts a systematic literature review of the latest research on the use of ChatGPT in cybersecurity to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the technology and its potential impact on the field. The literature review focuses on the benefits and drawbacks of using ChatGPT to identify and fix software vulnerabilities, its impact on productivity, and the expected changes in 2023 and beyond. Furthermore, this review highlights the potential of ChatGPT as a game-changer in the field of cybersecurity. It also highlights the need for further research to understand its capabilities and limitations entirely.

This work illustrates the success, importance, and barriers to achieving valuable results on the various ways to capture environmental water to alleviate the actual worldwide stress. Contemporary civilization demands innovative agricultural, civil, industrial, rural, and defense activities, which causes the depletion of most common natural resources, including freshwater. Atmospheric water generators (AWGs) could become a complemental resource to reduce freshwater stresses. The simplest AWGs do not require power; they collect fog and dew. Fog collectors operate in the specific locations where fogs are common; the ones made with newly developed materials have five times higher yields than the traditional ones. Dew collectors are two kinds: passive and active. Passive AWGs are simple tilde surfaces that work based on the variation of the day and night humidity and temperatures; they have one cycle with low yields compared to the fog collectors. Their output increases by using newly developed materials inspired by nature. Combining descants and hygroscopic materials with porous gel and thermal-sensitive polymers resulted in multi-cycle absorption-desorption experimental devices that transformed the field. Active AWGs have a complex structure and require mechanical and electrical force to operate. The AWGs efficiency depends on the materials used, the environmental humidity and temperature, and the condenser operating temperature.

The tensile deformation behavior of directionally solidified superalloy DZ406 was investigated at cryogenic temperatures from -\(125^{\circ}\)C to \(25^{\circ}\)C, and the comparative analysis of room temperature and \(1000^{\circ}\)C was carried out. The yield strength and ultimate strength at cryogenic temperatures were close to that at room temperature, and twice that at \(1000^{\circ}\)C. The elongation was maintained at 10–15% and exhibited a certain plasticity at cryogenic temperatures. At cryogenic temperatures, the fracture samples essentially showed no necking phenomenon, and the cracks primarily occurred in the MC carbide itself in the interdendritic areas. At room temperature and \(1000^{\circ}\)C, however, the fracture surface was covered in dimples that contained carbides. At cryogenic temperatures and room temperature, slip bands and dislocations both contributed to the tensile deformation; however, at \(1000^{\circ}\)C, only the dislocations were active.

Following an entropy approach, it was possible to prove a common nature of the flow of thermal and electric energies as flow electromagnetic waves of different potentials. According to such approach, it was possible modify the traditional definitions of the photovoltaic and thermoelectric effects. It was possible to prove the photovoltaic effect and thermoelectric effect as converting the thermal potential of the incident radiation or electromagnetic waves of thermal potential into electromagnetic waves of electric potential or flow of electric charges by a Seebeck effect.

Flower like nanostructures of ZnO have been successfully fabricated by a novel hydrothermal technique. Various sample characterization methods, including XRD, FESEM, SEM, TEM, have been employed. The synthesised ZnO samples exhibited a well defined crystal structure of hexagonal phase. The average crystallite size for ZnO sensors was estimated to be 31 nm. The flower shaped nanorods were \(\sim\)84 nm in diameter and \(\sim\) 1 µm in length. The response to the reducing gas NH₃ was evaluated in terms of the operating temperature, sensitivity, response time/ recovery time of the ZnO-based gas sensor. At a working temperature of \(230^{\circ}\)C, the lowest detection limit for ammonia gas was found to be 5 ppm.

Access to quality health care is fundamental to maintaining physical and mental well-being in modern society. If you want to enjoy life's luxuries, you need to take care of your body. It's a fact of life that everyone will, by pure chance, need medical attention. The value of health care cannot be overstated. Recent research has shown that the cost of health care using conventional methods is prohibitive for the average person. Those who cannot afford proper medical attention either have to suffer through their conditions or make sacrifices in their health by choosing less expensive therapies. Wearable sensors have the potential to revolutionise the health care industry by allowing for convenient and inexpensive health monitoring. This article depicts the shift from the standard method of monitoring vital healthcare indicators to the use of wearable sensors. Wearable sensors are attempting to set the groundwork for hopeful results in the medical industry thanks to technological improvements.

Internet technologies, a new paradigm, have changed the traditional way of living into a high-tech lifestyle. Smart homes, smart cities, energy saving, pollution reduction, smart industries, and smart transportation are just a few of the improvements that IT has made possible. There have been several significant studies and research initiatives conducted in an attempt to enhance technology employing diverse technologies. There are still a lot of challenges and issues that need to be addressed if IT is to live up to its promise. These challenges and issues need to be considered from several IT angles, such as applications, challenges, enabling technology, social and environmental ramifications, etc. This chapter's major objective is to provide a thorough explanation from both a technical and sociological standpoint. The chapter discusses a number of challenges and important issues relating to Internet technology, architecture, and important application sectors. This chapter's major objective is to provide an overview of information technology, including potential uses of the Internet to obtain competitive advantages and how they may support the safe transfer of information.

The military dosimetric device DP-86 probe's experimental verification and calculations for energy and angular dependence are presented in this chapter. This device was created to measure the gamma radiation dose rate of nuclear weapons fall out, that means the fission products mixture. Similarly, a rough estimate of the beta emission can be made. The device's time-dependent sensitivity to nuclear weapon fallout was calculated based on these findings. Two theories were used for the energy dependence calculations: Tabata´s and Moliére´s theory. The experimental verification used the ⁶⁰Co, ¹³⁷Cs and six screening X-rays mean values. The results were applied according Gusev group´s theory to the fission product mixture of ²³⁵U.

The cosmic conundrum is related to the mismatch results between measurements for the expansion rate of the nearby universe and those of the distant (primeval universe) where stars and galaxies even existed, could be solved via investigating the ground zero of big bang zone. 

Purpose: Solving the serious tension of the mismatch results between measurements for the expansion rate of the nearby universe and those of the distant (the primeval universe).

Methods: Investigate the ground zero of the big bang fireball zone calculations via simulating the events on any traditional explosion.

Results: The different readings of expansion speed of the universe is due to monitoring different galaxies formed of primary particles were occupied in certain layers of the ground zero of the big bang zone which obtained specific propulsion pressure to be rushed to the space at certain speed according to the energy obtained according to their spherical layers of the ground zero of the big bang zone, lead to the discrepancy and the mismatch in our measures for the expansion rate of the nearby universe and those of the distant galaxies and granting the universe the typical properties of different rates of expansion. The relativity aspect in the mismatch of the results of measurements, where mismatch in the measurement could also occurs due to the differences in the directions of moving galaxies the nearby universe and of our space observatories well as the universe primeval universe results from the difference in the directions of the moving of the galaxies.