Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 8

This research investigates the effects of varying bath concentrations, operating temperature, and plating time on the electroless nickel deposition process using Lawsone extract from Lawsonia inermis. The study explores how complex agents and plating parameters influence the properties and structure of the deposited layer. The electroless nickel plating bath is optimized for environmental sustainability, utilizing NiSO₄•7H₂O as the primary salt. Preliminary findings suggest that the inclusion of a complex agent enhances the plating growth rate while maintaining an optimal pH of 6-8. The study highlights the potential for low phosphorus content, high density, and minimal porosity in the deposits, underscoring their excellent corrosion resistance. This work presents a novel, eco-friendly approach to nickel deposition with significant applications in industries requiring durable and corrosion-resistant coatings.

The significance of carbohydrates necessitates the development of a new approach to producing prescription drugs based on carbohydrates in the current context of global health and illness. This study investigated the synthesis of a novel series of benzenesulfonyl derivatives of methyl \(\alpha\)-D-glucopyranoside (MGP) by reacting benzenesulfonyl chloride in pyridine followed by direct acylation to yield a 6-O-benzenesulfonyl derivative (2). To obtain newer products for antibacterial evaluation studies, the 6-O-benzenesulfonyl derivative was further transformed into a series of 2,3,4-tri-O-acyl derivatives (3--11) containing a wide variety of functionalities in a single-molecule framework. To determine the structures of these derivatives, spectral and elemental analyses were performed. In vitro, antibacterial screening was performed against two gram-positive and two gram-negative human pathogenic bacterial strains. The D-glucopyranoside derivatives exhibited moderate to good antibacterial activities. Interestingly, the proposed compounds showed greater sensitivity against gram-negative bacteria than against gram-positive bacteria. In conclusion, the outcomes of this work indicate that benzenesulfonyl-based MGP compounds have significant potential as antibacterial agents for treating infectious diseases.

Present work has described an interaction of p-aminophenol and p-nitrophenol with bismuth, lead and manganese ferrocyanides and their relevance to environmental issues. Removal of p-aminophenol (PAP) and p-nitrophenol (PNP) from aqueous solution have been studied through adsorption on bismuth, lead and manganese ferrocyanides (125 micrometer British Sieve Standard mesh size) at pH range 1.0 – 10.0 and room temperature (27 ± 1\(^\circ\)C). Potassium ferrocyanide, bismuth nitrate, lead nitrate, manganese chloride, pami nophenol, and pnitrophenol were obtained from BDH, Poole, UK. The progress of adsorption was followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance of PAP and PNP solutions at their corresponding \(\lambda\)_max 220 nm and 330 nm, respectively.  At neutral pH, PNP was found to be more adsorbed than PAP on all three metal ferrocyanides studied.  Manganese ferrocyanide and bismuth ferrocyanide were found to have maximum and minimum adsorption, respectively for both adsorbents. The adsorption followed the Langmuir type of adsorption in the concentration range of 10^-4 to 10^-5 mole L^-1 of PAP and PNP solutions. The presented work has indicated the feasibility of using metal ferrocyanides for the removal of phenols and substituted phenols from potable and wastewater.

During the last few years, solvent-free reactions for different organic syntheses have been a field of increasing interest in synthetic organic chemistry because of their ease of occurrence. The present work depicts a unique one-pot synthesis method in which solvent-free conditions allow for improving the yield and expediting the reaction. Solvent-free Stobbe condensation of furfural with dimethyl succinate under anhydrous conditions at room temperature using dry-solid potassium tertiary butoxide gave 3-carbomethoxy, 4-furyl-3-butenoic acid, which upon methylation followed by Stobbe condensation reaction with different aldehydes and/or ketones under anhydrous conditions at room temperature afforded substituted carbomethoxy acids 5a–f. These acid ester products were saponified to the corresponding dicarboxylic acids 6a–f which are useful in the synthesis of photochromic fulgides. It was concluded that the solvent-free condensations of substituted ketones and/or aldehyde with dimethyl succinate at room temperature occurred smoothly to give substituted acid esters. Compared to the classical condensation method, which required a lot of solvents and chemicals, the green method used much fewer dry solid reagents, making it more economical.

Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is the main component (80% by weight) of clove oil found in Indonesia and is widely used as perfumes, antioxidants, medicines, foods, and flavoring. Eugenol is an ingredient of inexpensive nature, containing hydrophilic and allyl phenolic functional groups, and is expected to be a major component of chemical synthesis that has eco-friendly properties. Eugenol is an inexpensive natural ingredient, which contains a functional group of phenolic hydroxyl and allyl and is to be a major component of chemical synthesis which is environmentally friendly. In order to conduct the study, Eugenol 99 % was purchased from Indesso.com Indonesia, [Rh(nbd)₂Cl] was purchased from Wako Japan, [Rh+] was synthesized according to the literature. MoCl₅ was purchased from Wako Japan. NaOH was purchased from Wako Japan. K₂CO₃ was purchased from Wako Japan. All Polymers were purified by HPLC. Monomer synthesis and polymer synthesis were synthesized according to the literature. Poly (1) to Poly (3) showed widespread UV-Vis absorption at 300-450 nm and poly (4) showed cotton and UV-vis effects at 400 nm. Solvents and temperatures can tune the helical structure of poly (4). The future of semiconductor materials can serve as smart textiles, lab on a chip, portable compact screens, and skin cancer treatment. With cheap and easy-to-obtain basic materials in Indonesia, this polymer is increasing in price. In the future, the helical polymer will become a very useful material. This material has a good prospect of being developed in Indonesia. It was concluded that Eugenol-based polyethylene can be applied as an electronic plastic and in the pharmaceutical industry. The continuation of research in synthesizing new polymers from eugenol ingredients and developing new functions should be continued.

The study of new pigments derived from anthocyanins has increased in recent years because these compounds appear in wines during the aging process, giving stability to their color. This review aims to provide an overview of the structure and formation process of these compounds. The main pyranoanthocyanidins are formed from the reaction between anthocyanins with some metabolites released during yeast fermentation, so the general structure includes an additional ring D formed between the group OH in C5 and the C4 of the anthocyanidin pyran ring. In this way, different structures can be found such as, for example, carboxypypyranoanthocyanins or type A vitisins, formed from the reaction between the enol form of pyruvic acid and anthocyanins; type B vitisins, when the cycloaddition occurs with an acetaldehyde molecule on an anthocyanin; methylpyranoanthocyanins, resulting from the reaction between acetone and anthocyanins; pinotins, resulting from the covalent reaction between hydroxycinnamic acids and anthocyanins and, finally, flavanyl-pyranoanthocyanins. In addition, the second generation of compounds, formed from the corresponding pyranoanthocyanins, has also been included in this work. These may include oxovitisins, vinyl-pyranoanthocyanins, pyranoanthocyanins linked through a butadienylidene bridge and pyranoanthocyanin dimers. In conclusion, this review provides an overview of anthocyanin derivatives, which may be of importance in the wine aging process, as they affect the color stability of wines.

Removal of cadmium ions through adsorption has been investigated by locally available wood biochar. The motivations of the present study were to investigate the application of this wood biochar in the field of environmental problems, so that wood biochar would be more valuable for the community. Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, Sips, Flory-Huggins, Fowler-Guggenheim, and Harkin-Jura isotherms were used to elucidate the adsorption mechanism. Similarly, pseudo-first-order, Pseudo-second order, Intra-particle diffusion, and liquid film diffusion models were used to study the kinetics of adsorption. The sorption process is favorable with a monolayer formation and predominantly physical adsorption when the equilibrium is attained. The negative value of Gibbs free energy (\(\Delta\)Go) indicates that the adsorption process is thermodynamically spontaneous and feasible. The presence of repulsion between the adsorbed molecules was also confirmed. The maximum adsorption capacity (q_max) was 28.57 mg/g. The kinetics of the adsorption process follows Pseudo-second order and is also controlled by diffusion through the liquid film. It also confirms the existence of boundary layer influence by Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion. From these studies, the wood biochar could be used as an adsorbent for the efficient treatment of Cd (II) from an aqueous solution.

Nanotechnology is the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale, which ranges from 1 to 100 nanometres and has advanced applications in industries such as biology, electronics, transportation, energy, agriculture, cosmetics, space exploration, and environmental research. Nanotechnology in medicine allows for early illness detection, prevention, diagnosis, tailored therapy, and monitoring. Some notable uses include gold nanoparticles as biosensors for genetic sequencing, carbon nanotubes for cancer diagnosis, and nanoparticles in stem cell research. Nanotechnology is integrated into genetic analysis via the use of nanoparticles in atomic force microscopy and quantum dot fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Furthermore, nanoparticles improve polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures and function as contrast agents in imaging modalities like ultrasound and MRI. Beyond healthcare, this technology has a transformational influence on contemporary society. Improved nutrient delivery and stress tolerance in crops are among its agricultural advantages, as are food safety, quality, and nutrient bioavailability in the food business. Nanotechnology development has the possibility of addressing major global concerns while also improving quality of life and promoting sustainability.

Background: A larger number and larger size of fat cells characterize obesity, a condition that has a detrimental effect on one's health. Because obesity is linked to an increased risk of diabetes and heart disease, the ideal anti-obesity medication would have weight loss that was long-lasting and had few side effects.

Objective: The objective of the study is to detect if the weight-loss drugs; green tea and Vita Slim negatively affect several biochemical and physiological markers.

Materials and Methods: This study utilized a total of twenty-one albino male rats (220±20 g). Rats were purchased from an animal unit of the Nile Pharmaceutical Company, Cairo, Egypt. Three groups consisted of 21 mature obese male albino rats (with a body weight of 220 ±20 gram): In Group one: control (vehicle treatment), in group two: for a period of 30 days, rats were given Vita slim (0.1mg/kg/day), and in group three: for 30 days, rats were given green tea (0.1 mg/kg/day).

Results: Significant changes were observed in the weight of the treated groups, in serum levels of AST/ALT, albumin, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), LDL/HDL ratio, urea, creatinine, as well as triiodothyronine (T3) as compared with the control group. It is proven that thyroid hormones, particularly T3, are important metabolic hormones. Energy generation is linked to the quantity of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream.

Conclusion: The study concluded that Vita Slim and green tea capsules have a deleterious influence on critical biochemical and physiological markers, notably liver functions. Several physiological and biochemical markers, including kidney and liver functions, have been shown to be negatively impacted by Vita Slim and green tea after 30 days of ingestion.

Amino acids, including glycine, are fundamental to biochemical research due to their dual acidic and basic properties, allowing them to form peptides and proteins, the building blocks of life. The present review chiefly focuses on the solubility of glycine in a widespread temperature range as examined by several researchers worldwide. Glycine being the simplest amino acid has widespread application in several fields. Accordingly, it has been extensively studied, yet there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on its solubility data. In this review, the solubility data of glycine in pure water and in the presence of inorganic and organic electrolytes from 145 results across 45 published articles is compiled and presented. A simple linear model was applied to the reported solubility data, showing that glycine solubility increases by 0.0866 mol kg^-1 per K. Based on this model, the solubility at 298.15 K was estimated to be 3.318 mol kg^-1. This statistical approach provides more accurate solubility measurements, offering valuable insights for further studies. The study represented the solubility data of glycine at different temperature ranges by plotting the linear regression model to find the true solubility.