Determination of Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in a Patient with Sickle-Cell Anemia Requiring Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Therapy: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Abstract

A sickle-shaped haemoglobin that is less soluble than regular haemoglobin is produced as a result of a mutation in the beta globin gene, which causes sickle cell anaemia. Hemolytic anaemia and blood vessel blockage, which result in ischemia and infarcts, are the main characteristics of the condition. One of the most hazardous forms is acute chest syndrome, which can lead to abrupt respiratory failure and severe hypoxia. Although conservative therapy is frequently effective, the syndrome may occasionally be resistant. In these extreme situations, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support may be life-saving.

A 31-year-old man with acute chest syndrome and severe aspiration was admitted to our hospital's intensive care unit. Veno-venous ECMO assistance was started due to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and extensive hypoxemia (70%) with a swift recovery in both oxygenation and hemodynamic status. After 7 days, the patient was weaned off the ECMO and released 4 weeks later.

Although ECMO therapy for sickle cell anaemia patients is uncommon and sometimes controversial, it can be life-saving in certain refractory cases.