Conventional Versus Laser Techniques for the Treatment of Gingival Pigmentation

Abstract

The gingival hyperpigmentation typically occurs due to the abnormal accumulation of melanin in the gingival tissue and provides a dark appearance to the gingiva. The gingival tissues, in addition to the shape, colour, and location of the teeth, contribute to the synchronisation of a smile. Cosmetic expectations of face aesthetics have grown over time, and contemporary trends speak volumes about gingival aesthetics and smile design as a means of enhancing an individual's personality and looks. Gingiva pigmentation not only impairs an individual's aesthetic look, but it also has an impact on their psychological well-being. Melanin is a brown pigment that is not formed from haemoglobin; but its granules provide normal pigmentation to the skin and oral tissues. Therefore when the gingiva is hyperkeratinized, the basal layer's melanocytes becomes hyperactive. Despite the fact that there are numerous depigmentation procedures available, there is still much debate on which one is the best. For depigmentation of gingiva, different treatment modalities have been reported, such as scalpel, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, lasers, etc. As a result, the aim of this review is to better understand the pigmentation process and therapeutic options in order to minimize re-pigmentation.