Newest Updates in Physical Science Research Vol. 15

Analysing the Attitude of Teachers towards Physics and Paranormal Phenomena

Henryk Szydlowski — 2021-08-24

The teachers' attitudes toward parascience, which indicate a misunderstanding of modern physics concepts, are critically analysed. The materialistic ideology has been discussed in relation to quantum mechanics, modern cosmology, and the Goedel theorem. The inconsistencies between physical inquiry methods and parascience are highlighted. Results of the research in the fields of quantum mechanics and cosmology can hardly be reconciled with atheism.

Reconsideration of Matter Waves: A Brief Study

Roger Ellman — 2021-08-24

Matter waves were discovered in the early 20th century from their wavelength, predicted by DeBroglie, Planck’s constant divided by the particle’s momentum, that is, \(\lambda\)mw = h/m.v. But, the failure to obtain a reasonable theory for the matter wave frequency resulted somewhat in loss of further interest. It was expected that the frequency of the matter wave should correspond to the particle kinetic energy, that is, fmw = 1/2 . m . v²/h but the resulting velocity of the matter of the particle, v = fmw . \(\lambda\)mw , is that the matter wave moves at one half the speed of the particle, obviously absurd as the particle and its wave must move together. If relativistic mass is used (as it should in any case) the problem remains, the same mass appearing in numerator and denominator and canceling. It is no help to hypothesize that the total energy, not just the kinetic energy, yields the matter wave. That attributes a matter wave to a particle at rest. It also gives the resulting velocity as c^2/v the wave racing ahead of its particle. A reinterpretation of Einstein’s derivation of relativistic kinetic energy (which produced his famous E = m.c² ) leads to a valid matter wave frequency and a new understanding of particle kinetics and of the atom’s stable orbits.

Study on the Path Process of Gd and Mg Doped ZnO Nanostructures by the Sol-gel Method

. Suharno — 2021-08-24

Doping is one of an effective method to modify the physical properties of ZnO material in order to extend its applications. An investigation on Zn_1-xM_xO (M = Gd,Mg and x = 0, 0.03) nanopowders have been synthesized by sol-gel method and sintering at 600^oC for 2 hours were reported.The decomposition process of the dried gel system was investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and the nanopowders with different heating temperature were studied using FT-IR spectroscopy. The crystal structure of the nanopowders after sintering 600ºC using X-ray diffraction (XRD).The TGA curves of the samples showed the various weight loss regions correspond to removal of starting materials and no weight loss was observed in the temperature range from 300 to 800ºC corresponding to the phase-crystallization step. The FT-IR spectra, ZnO band is assigned to the stretching frequency at 669 cm^-1 and Gd/Mg doped ZnO at 668 cm^-1, 666 cm^-1. The XRD studies, crystal structure of samples indicates single phase ZnO crystalline and have been a hexagonal wurtzite structure (space group P6₃mc)

Study on Polytopes and Nuclear Structure

Roger Ellman — 2021-08-24

While the parameters Z and A indicate a general structural pattern for the atomic nuclei, the exact nuclear masses in their fine differences appear to vary somewhat randomly, seem not to exhibit the orderly kind of logical system that nature must exhibit.

It is shown that separation energy [the mass of the nucleus before decay less the mass of a decay’s products], not mass defect [the sum of the nuclear protons and neutrons masses less the nuclear mass], is the “touchstone” of nuclear stability.

When not part of an atomic nucleus the neutron decays into a proton and an electron indicating that it can be deemed a combination of those two. Considering that, the nucleus can be analyzed as an assembly of A protons and N = A - Z electrons, where N of the protons form neutrons with the N electrons.

Resulting analysis discloses a comprehensive orderly structure among the actual nuclear masses of all the nuclear types and isotopes. The analysis examines in detail the conditions for nuclear stability / instability. An interesting secondary component of that analysis and the resulting logical order is the family of geometric forms called polytopes, in particular the regular polyhedrons.

Study on Fermions in d Dimensions

Doron Kwiat — 2021-08-24

Introducing d dimensional space, with NxN Lorentz invariant gamma matrices, the connection between N and d is N=2^d/2 and since N is an integer, d must be an even number. Thus, the only candidates for a higher dimension universe for fermions may be SO(8) , SO(16) etc. SO(7), SO(11) etc. are ruled out in case of fermions. Moreover, it is shown that d > 4 is impossible since already for d = 6 , the representation is reducible. Thus, our universe, at least as far as Fermions goes, must be a (3+1) 4-dimensional.

The Holomorphic Quantum: A Systems Approach to Understanding the Nature of Reality

Theodore J. St. John — 2021-08-24

Quantum Mechanics is appropriately named because it is mostly about the mechanics of working out probability problems as they apply to the mysterious effect of measurement that makes energy present as quantum particle-waves. It is easy to visualize a quantum particle but there seems to be no way to visualize a “probability wave” so there has never been a clear interpretation of what quantum physics tells us – or should tell us – about the underlying essence of reality. Fortunately, a new approach was discovered and proven to work in biology that treats the mystery of life like a locking system and provides not only the key, but also the keyhole and the direction in which to turn it. In this paper the systems approach is introduced, including some background information on the history of how the systems approach has integrated elements of substance philosophy with process philosophy and has become a powerful tool for use in science. Here, it is applied to physics and used to represent the transformation of implicit energy into an explicit space-time quantum domain superimposed on a relativistic time-space background. These two “products” are then correlated with two of four blocks in a basic control-system diagram (input and output) commonly used in control-systems engineering. (The four blocks are input, transfer function, output and feedback function) Because they are explicit, they can be drawn explicitly on the space versus time plot as a map of motion. We emphasize that this is a map – an explicit projection of an implicit function (in this case, a plot of space versus time is a projection of the variance we call motion) represented as an implicit domain (a perpendicular dimension). We recognizing that a feedback function is equivalent to and therefore implies a back-projection or reflection back “up” into that “implicate order.” These two implicit functions (projection and reflection) are then correlated with the transfer function and feedback function in the control system. The motion function is related to the probability wave by the name used in statistics – the “variance” of a statistical distribution – and we point out that each axis of the space-time domain is scaled by standard “deviations,” which define the explicit scales. Because a standard deviation is the square root of a variance, the square space that maps as a relativistic scalar plot (a standard Cartesian coordinate system) of space versus time or “space-time” actually represents one of two square roots of the implicit variance we call motion. In essence, our measurements of this domain keep us rooted in physical reality. However, this coordinate system is shown to be just the root – one part of a “whole system” that includes a non-physical implicit feedback function. The feedback function is correlated with the “reflection” of the explicit domain, i.e. inverse-space and inverse-time, presented as a phase space called time-space and represented as a unit of spatial frequency versus temporal frequency. These frequency representations are shown to be the two well-known equations for quantum energy from quantum mechanics and they are used to identify energy-space as “the quantum domain” inside of, or superimposed on the background “relativistic domain,” which is a scalar space. These two domains are then shown to be coupled at the point where both scales are equal to “1”. As a whole, and in the language of quantum field theory, this model is a graphical representation of an energy-momentum tensor and as a visual model, it provides a clear conceptual interpretation of complexity theory, in which reality is expressed as the superposition of a self-organizing control system that convolves with a dissipative open system or “sea of disorder” and transforms it into physical units of order. This “holomorphic systems approach” is similar to, but much simpler and visually illustrative than the mathematically rigorous discussion On Symmetry and the Reality of Holomorphic Hartree–Fock Wavefunctions [1] or the Kohn-Sham Density Functional Theory [2]. Furthermore, it reveals that the question about the beginning of time is a question fallacy, by representing the equivalence of space and time as S=Tc², and presents it geometrically to be the exact same relation as the mass-energy equivalence equation E=mc². The model also reveals that quantized energy (which Huynh and Thom refer to as self-consistent fields or SCF) projects as a characteristic and allows one to visualize the solution to the particle-wave duality “problem” as being a change in perspective. It’s the change in perspective that makes the particle-like property and wave-like property appear as “emergent” – analogous to what would appear when one visualizes an object from two different perspectives – at rest with respect to one’s own body yet in motion relative to some other “moving” body. The approach also reveals how the transfer function and feedback function act to transform matter, adding the fourth component (the Controller) and making it a complete control system: a self-organizing, self-sensing system that can see itself explicitly and reflect upon itself implicitly. How that correlates with living systems becomes obvious.

Determination of Reduction Energy in Warped Region in Alcubierre Warp Drive

Gianluca Perniciano — 2021-08-24

A solution of general relativity is presented that describes an Alcubierre propulsion system in which it is possible to travel at superluminal speed while reducing the energy, by an arbitrary value. With a interesting idea for the Alcubierre warp drive spacetime,I have introduced in the Alcubierre equations a coefficient which is 1 inside and outside the warp bubble but possesses large values in the Alcubierre warped region thereby reducing effectively the negative energy density and negative energy requirements making the warp drive more "affordable"even at 1000 times light speed.

The Theory of Neutrino Temporal Oscillation

Russell Bagdoo — 2021-08-24

We conjecture the existence of massless neutrinos that are in the line of Standard Model (unable to account for the neutrino mass) but have characteristics that are not accounted for the Standard Model: they use a shorter radial path than the photon and possess bosonic flavors, considered like bosons instead of fermions. We call this theory “neutrino temporal oscillation”. Faced with some experimental comparisons solar neutrinos, neutrinos from SN 1987A, cosmological neutrinos, the theory gives better results, explanations and sense than the complicated theory of neutrino oscillations (transformism). The deficit of detection of solar neutrinos would have been blindly attributed to the “neutrino oscillation” by physicists who quickly concluded that the neutrino and the photon follow the same transverse path. The “OPERA” experiment which measured the speed of neutrinos in 2011 resulted, after a “superluminal” saga, in neutrino speeds consistent with the speed of light, in data that the three existing types of neutrinos cannot explain, with the final outcome of a fourth “sterile” neutrino with non-standard interaction. OPERA findings aren’t just in conflict with existing theory, but other measurements as well. For example, a study from the Kamiokande II experiment in Japan of the supernova SN1987A found that light and neutrinos that departed this exploded star arrived at Earth within hours of each other. Even though measurements of the neutrinos emitted by this supernova strongly suggest that their speeds differ from light by less than one part in a billion, the fact remains that two types of data were collected, and that only one was retained to be consistent with the existing theory. Thus, the OPERA observation is in conflicts with the result of SN1987A, which itself is highly doubtful. And what about the neutrinos and antineutrinos born during the big bang, except that they were never detected and there is nothing to indicate that their speed could be other than that of light. Neutrino physics seems sick, belief is transformed into evidence. The theory of “Neutrino temporal oscillation” shows hint that massless neutrinos can take a shortcut through the three spatial dimensions of the space-time that we know. It represents within the Standard Model an open window on a “new physics” that has a connection with physical reality. To reconcile theory and observation, the two options seem a priori equally admissible. However, the theory of neutrino temporal oscillation, which implies an intrinsic mass of particles, gives the periodic disappearance of neutrinos a more sensible and fact-compatible explanation.

Study on Matter Waves and Orbital Quantum Numbers

Roger Ellman — 2021-08-24

It is analytically shown that the orbital electron arrangement is enforced by the necessity of accommodating the space that each orbiting electron's matter wave occupies. The atom's orbital electron structure in terms of quantum numbers (principal, azimuthal, magnetic and spin) results in space for a maximum of: 2 electrons in the n=1 orbit, 8 electrons in the n=2 orbit, 18 electrons in the n=3 orbit, and so on. Those dispositions are correct, but that is not because of quantum numbers nor angular momentum nor a "Pauli exclusion principle". Matter waves were discovered in the early 20th century from their wavelength, which was predicted by DeBroglie to be, Planck's constant divided by the particle's momentum, \(\lambda\)_mw = h/m . v . But, the failure to obtain a reasonable theory for the matter wave frequency resulted in loss of interest. That problem is resolved in "A Reconsideration of Matter Waves" 2 in which a reinterpretation of Einstein's derivation of relativistic kinetic energy [which produced his famous E = m . c²] leads to a valid matter wave frequency and a new understanding of particle kinetics and the atom's stable orbits. It is analytically shown that the orbital electron arrangement is enforced by the necessity of accommodating the space that each orbiting electron's matter wave occupies.

Study on Synthesis of Nano-Crystalline Ba\({_0.}_5\)Sr\({_0.}_5\)Co\({_0.}_8\)Fe\({_0.}_2\)O\({_3}\) Cathode Material by Glycine-Nitrate Combustion Process for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Mora Veera Madhava Rao — 2021-08-24

Nano ceramic of Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O₃ (BSCF) powders have been synthesized by glycine-nitrate combustion process using metal nitrates based chemicals for solid oxide fuel cells(SOFC) applications since these powders are considered to be more promising cathode materials for SOFC. Development of crystalline phases in the powders after heat treatments at various temperatures was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Single phase perovskites were obtained after heat treatment of the combustion synthesized BSCF nanopowders. Morphological properties of powders calcined at different temperatures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermogravimetry (TGA) plot shows that there is no weight loss after the temperature around 500oC indicating completion of combustion. The combustion synthesis is advantages over the solid state synthesis in terms of better compositional homogeneity and purity of the final product.

Study on Combustion Synthesis of LSGM Nano Powders for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrolytes

Mora Veera Madhava Rao — 2021-08-24

We report our investigations on Lanthanum Strontium Magnesium Gallate, La_0.8Sr_0.2Ga_0.8Mg_0.2O₃ (LSGM) powder was synthesized by glycine nitrate method. Precursor and calcined particles of LSGM was characterized using Thermogravimetry (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The precursors were calcined at 1000^oC, 1100^oC, 1200^oC, and 1300^oC (12hrs), LSGM contained very small amounts of impurities peaks, detected by XRD. The powders calcined at temperature 1400^oC had main crystal structure of LSGM. FTIR analysis demonstrates the presence of nitrates and carbonates. The calcined powders of LSGM showed uniform microstructures with nearly spherical morphology and average particle size of 200-300 nm.

Study on Biopolymers and Biopolymer Blends/Composites

Kalyani Sreekumar — 2021-08-24

With the growing concern on the environmental status due to the over usage of non-degradable plastic materials, most of the researches as well as the industries, are now exploring the possibilities of degradable polymers that can potentially replace those materials. Fortunately, our ecosystem consist of countless renewable resources than can rely upon, which would further yield eco-friendly materials that are much efficient than the current synthetic plastic materials. This paper focus on an overview of biopolymers and their various blends and composites so far synthesized. The various approaches for the synthesis of these blends as well as composites are also discussed. The applications of some of the common biopolymers are also studied.

Study of the Performance and Emissions of a Methane Fueled V-Twin Four Stroke Spark Ignited Engine

Daniel John Piekarski — 2021-08-24

This paper discusses the on-going study of a modified two-cylinder V-twin engine used to research and analyze natural gas combustion. The purpose of the experimentation is to determine the feasibility of Natural Gas as an alternative fuel for automotive and stationary power generation applications. During testing the engine was operated under various loads and RPMs. The compression ratio (CR) of the engine was increased from 9.0:1 to 13.8:1 with the expectation of improved fuel combustion and improved emissions. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and air-fuel ratio (AFR) were also varied to determine optimal levels that would improve emissions without compromising excessive power (hp). Lean limit analysis was conducted to understand the effect of increased AFR on combustion and emissions. Results from testing confirmed an emissions benefit of going from low compression to high compression. The Total Hydrocarbons (THC) decreased 25%, Carbon Monoxide levels decrease by 48% and the Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) decreased by 20%. A low percentage of EGR, between 3-6 %, helped reduce Oxides of Nitrogen (NO_x) emissions from over 830 ppm to less than 450 ppm, an improvement of almost 50%, with less than a 2% increase in THC and CO. Power (hp) actually improved by about 1.5% with 3% EGR. Increasing the AFR proved to decrease emissions but at a cost of power and the lean limit of the engine was found to be between 22 and 23 AFR. At 22 AFR the THC emissions decreased by 40%, CO emission by 90% and NOx emissions by almost 50%, but the power decreased by over 35%.

Determination of Magnetization Dynamics of the Material with Spin Triplet States under the Action of a Weak Varying Field and Spin-Lattice Interaction in Zero Constant Field

N. P. Fokina — 2021-08-24

The objective of this investigation was to study both regular and irregular dynamics of spin-triplet states (STSs) in the case of one-photon and one-magnon interactions with the varying magnetic field and the lattice, respectively. The anisotropic regular dynamics of STSs of molecular single crystals in zero constant and weak varying magnetic fields (weakness means the absence of saturation at the steady state and of the nutation at the pulse EPR) directed along the molecular axes, was analytically investigated. The equations were derived for the free motion of the sample magnetization, describing its linear oscillations along that molecular axis, along which its nonzero initial value was created. The tensor of the steady-state dynamical susceptibility to the varying field was found. The result of the action of a short MW pulse on STS was analytically described, containing a periodic dependence on the pulse duration and its detuning. The anisotropic irregular dynamics of electron spin-lattice relaxation (SLR) at its one-phonon mechanism was investigated without the high temperature approximation over the phonon temperature; the SLR rates of the separate transitions of STS were calculated; the corresponding SLR probabilities were written in the form, which supposes the fractal dimensionality d of a lattice; the results with d=4/3 agreed well with the experimental data in STS of the buried tryptophan of ribonuclease T1.