New Trends in Physical Science Research Vol. 2

Since it radiates energy continually, the sun is a very valuable energy source today. An electron, too, emits energy on a constant basis. The success of a new electrostatic generating method that uses the electron's electric field energy as a driving factor for charge carriers was presented at ESA 2017 and ESA 2019. The asymmetric electrostatic force, which is a new phenomena, was used to create this new electrostatic generator. Unfortunately, it had a low rate of experimental success. Therefore, the subject of this paper was to solve this problem. So that, the cause was searched by many experiments. Finally, it was discovered that the charge carrier's acceleration force was not greater than the charge carrier's deceleration force using this experimental setup. As a result, this equipment's electrode configuration has been improved. The acceleration force was raised as a result, whereas the deceleration force was reduced. The experiment's success rate increased to 100%.

Recent observations in supernovae seem to leave no doubt among researchers that the Universe is in accelerated expanding. These conclusions are contrary to the convictions of most cosmologists and the presence of the positive cosmological constant solves this question. In this study, we show that by adding a positive value to the cosmological constant, traditional cosmological models can accurately describe our universe without the necessity for cold dark matter. We further highlight that objects moving faster than light speed in the Universe are physically possible without violating Einstein's postulates.

Background: In a previous paper entitled: "Evidence for the variation of the speed of light over time" [1], a series of observational evidences was presented in favor of the hypothesis that the speed of light varies over time according to the fundamental relationship dc / dt = - Hc, where H is the Hubble constant which is considered a universal constant.

Objectives: In this paper we aim to summarize and reinforce the observational evidences in support of the hypothesis and to probe the consequences of this relationship on General Relativity.

The hypothesis of c variable with time provides a different interpretation of the nature of the cosmological redshift, and the Hubble constant is not understood as the rate of expansion of the universe with time, but as the rate of decrease of c with time.

Methods: We will show how this relationship provides a clear explanation for the phenomenon of the so-called "anomalous acceleration" suffered by all spacecraft after leaving the solar system [2].

We will provide a theoretical justification of the fundamental relationship and show how the theoretical trend of the galactic velocity curves can be deduced from it.

We will therefore give a theoretical foundation to the constant a₀ introduced by the MOND theory to successfully explain the galactic velocity curves on the basis of baryon matter alone [3].

Results: The important Tully-Fisher empirical relationship that connects the galactic velocity curves to the baryon mass of the galaxy [4,5] is theoretically deduced and the apparent (accelerated) expansion of the universe is justified without intervening elusive entities such as dark matter and dark energy.

Conclusion: It is concluded that the link between the variation of c over time and the variation of other important physical constants is explored, showing how this leads to an unexpected link between the electromagnetic phenomena, represented by c, and the gravitational ones, represented by G.

The history of the tests of the general theory of relativity begins with the three corresponding propositions of Albert Einstein in 1915, and these tests concerned the precession of the perihelion of Mercury, the deflection of light in gravitational fields, and the gravitational redshift. The investigation of the gravitational field’s effect on photons, depending on the absolute reference system concept, indicates the gravitational force’s origin. The change in time estimate resulting from the usage of a clock that is impacted by the gravitational field is determined by investigating the propagation of a photon in the gravitational field. It is demonstrated that the outcomes based on the assumption of an absolute reference frame agree with the results obtained of the general theory of relativity in all recognised studies, with the exception of the deflection of light in the gravitational field of the sun, where the experimental data verify the hypothesis of the absolute reference frame.

We report the investigation of structural, magnetic, dielectric and magnetodielectric properties of orthorhombic Bi_2(1-x)Gd_2xFe₄O₉ (x = 0, 0.015) ceramics synthesized by the solid state reaction route. Room temperature Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction pattern of the ceramics shows structural distortion due to lower ionic radii Gd³⁺ (1.05 Å) substitution at Bi³⁺ (1.17 Å) site. Magnetic measurements confirmed an enhanced antiferromagnetic transition temperature (T_N) in x = 0.015 (254 K) as compared to the BFO (250 K) along with an increase in magnetization due to the coupling between Gd³⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions. A concomitant anomaly in dielectric and tan loss plot around magnetic transition temperature indicated plausible magnetoelectric coupling (MEC) in both the samples and the MEC coefficient (Y) is approximated by ~ YM². Enhanced magnetodielectric response (~100 %) has been observed for x = 0.015.

What is the physical mechanism through which motion causes space to contract? This is a question that the theory of relativity is hesitant to address. The reason for this is that the principle of relativity is jeopardised by this physical mechanism. The theoretical mathematical form system's side effects have not been reported. The growth of mathematical formal notions (and/or conclusions) that contradict mathematical logic and do not match to facts is a major side consequence. It demonstrates the spatial difficulties associated with concept proliferation that have never been documented in the special theory of relativity - There is a logical contradiction in the concept of "when mutual observation, always is observed ruler shortening" through a series of thought experiments. The existence of such inconsistencies or spatial issues is a result of the preceding. The conclusion that the moving item shrinks in all directions due to motion is obtained from the relation of mass-velocity in relativity and quantum physics. Deeper understanding of space time is provided and it is exposed that the areas of further research topic on the space time continuum and their role in the proper understanding of relativity theory.

This work shows that properties of each kind of Chebyshev polynomials may be obtained from a hyper-differential operator applying on a monomial and a symbolic formula \(Tn(x)=: cos\hat{B}\ x^n =:(C+x)^n\) .  It also exposes a new approach for obtaining generating functions of them by operator calculus built from the derivative and the positional operators.

This study presents the dynamic model of the soliton. Based on this model, it is supposed to study the state of the network. A neuron in the human brain can have thousands of synaptic connections to other neurons. The resulting network of connected neurons in the cortex is responsible for processing visual, audio, and sensory data. Artificial neural networks use a highly simplified model for the fundamental computing unit-the neuron. In the presence of different chirality, three states are possible, with positive chirality, the signal is transmitted without loss, with negative chirality, the signal creates pulsations in certain parts of the axon. In the absence of a signal, a chaotic self-excitation is observed in the axon.

The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that the increased inertia of objects moving at Relativistic speeds can be fully explained using Classical Physics alone, once the wave structure of the particles that comprise the object is taken into consideration. In this study, I show how Classical Physics principles can be used to explain the Special Relativistic effect of mass gain that occurs within objects as they move at high speeds. The wave character of condensed matter and energy/mass equivalence are considered in my analysis. Particles' wave nature is represented by a particle structure made up of three-dimensional standing waves. When this is done, the difference in the energy total of the component waves that make up a particle travelling at a fast speed against those that make up a stationary particle fully accounts for the mass increase.  Moreover, the additional momentum of the wave components in the motion direction (the longitudinal direction) is the reason for the object's inertia, or effective mass, being greater in the longitudinal direction than in the transverse direction (orthogonal to the direction of motion). By modeling particles as three-dimensional Electromagnetic standing waves (using only Classical Physics) we are able to understand and visualize how and why the moving particle has different inertial mass in the longitudinal and transverse directions.

The aim of this paper to fully explain, in detail, the exact mechanism for the observed Fresnel Dragging of light in an experiment such as the Fizeau experiment of 1851 using well known, Classical Physics alone. The original mathematical technique employed in the analysis of the Fizeau experiment of 1851, which determined the relative speed of light in a moving medium, assumes that light flows through the water in a smooth continuous flow at a slower pace than light travels through a vacuum (relative to the water). As a result, it is assumed that the water's velocity vector can be simply added to the light's. Light, on the other hand, is transmitted through optical media like water via a continual process of charge excitation (semi-absorption) and re-emission by the water molecules; nonetheless, it travels between them at the speed of light (in a vacuum). As a result, the mathematics underlying Fresnel dragging must be reformulated so that classical Physics can explain it, allowing the entire process to be properly comprehended.

This work examines the well-known delayed choice Quantum Eraser experiment carried out by Kim et al in 2000 from the standpoint of Classical Physics. I've drawn a diagram of the experiment's setup. I show that the experiment's outcome can be explained using Classical Physics, and that it does not require "spooky action at a distance" owing to entangled particles, as Einstein famously put it, nor events changing the past due to the experiment's delayed choice feature.

Tornadogenesis is thought to be influenced by processes related to the generation of vorticity in the forward and rear flank downdrafts, as well as their interaction with the boundary layer. Our goal is to show that vortex gas models are an appropriate tool to describe the processes of tornadogenesis and maintenance. We suggest that an inverse energy cascade is a feasible process for tornadogenesis and tornado maintenance, and we give computational and observational data to back up our claim. We use a three-dimensional vortex gas model to simulate supercritical vortices at the surface boundary layer, which could be caused by interactions between vortices delivered to the surface by the rear flank downdraft and those connected to the forward flank downdraft. In the statistical mechanics context, negative temperatures are higher than positive temperatures. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional vortex gas models are discussed, the three-dimensional vortex gas model of Chorin, developed further by Flandoli and Gubinelli, is proposed as a model for intense small-scale subvortices found in tornadoes and in numerical and radar studies.

Logic is the science of reasoning, proof, and validity. This is the first study to apply rigorous logical analysis to eight prevailing theories of astrophysics. Because of multiple false assumptions, faulty reasoning, and mathematical oversights the following cosmological theories are hereby invalidated: big bang theory, Hubble’s law, general relativity, gravitational wave theory, dark matter theory, dark energy theory, Higgs boson theory, and Doppler-redshift theory. That which is logically impossible is also physically impossible.