New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 2

A new catalytic approach for the C-O activation of enol phosphates based on a palladium supported on layered-double hydroxide is demonstrated. Hydrothermally treated LDH containing Pd(0) gave the best catalytic results.  In particular, two different ketene aminal phosphates were used as models to study the synthesis of \(\alpha\)-phenyl enecarbamates N-Boc/ CBz under the Suzuki-Miyaura conditions. Importantly, the Boc substituted o-brominated enol phosphate was quite stable under the catalytic conditions when compared to the CBz counterpart. The use of an ortho-bromo aniline as precursor allowed the synthesis of the 2-phenyl indole through an arylation/ Heck cyclization in moderate yields. Catalyst reusability enabled the synthesis of the heterocycle in moderate yields for four consecutive runs.

Two simple and reproducible methods have been developed and validated for the determination of betamethasone in pharmaceutical dosage forms by visible spectrophotometry. Method-1 is based on the formation of meisenheimer like sigma -complex by the m-dinitrobenzene with the mentioned drug in presence of alkaline medium to from a colored chromogen measured at 490nm. The Method-2 is based on reaction between MBTH and drug under study in presence of alkali to from a colored chromogen measured at 620 nm. The findings of the investigation were statistically evaluated and recovery studies supported the correctness of the proposed approaches. The methods were successfully applied to the determination of betamethasone in pharmaceutical formulations.

This research reports the results of a study of the global and local chemical reactivity of the peptide hormones Oxytocin and Vasopressin based on the calculation of descriptors coming from Conceptual DFT as well as from Molecular Electron Density Theory for their consideration as a tool to explain the molecular interactions, and as a useful complement to those approximations based on Molecular Docking. The knowledge of the values of the global and local descriptors of the molecular reactivity of the Oxytocin and Vasopressin peptide hormones that have been studied through our proposed methodology could be useful in the development of new drugs based on these compound or some analogs relying in the chemical interaction between these peptides and their biological receptors of protein kind. It can be concluded that both approximations to the local chemical reactivity based on the descriptors are equally valid and complement each other, while the choosing of the Population Analysis used in their calculation is not a crucial point to be considered.

We report here the use of eucalyptol as bio-based solvent for Buchwald-Hartwig reaction on various heterocycles. This solvent is interesting on the one hand because it is a non-toxic solvent and on the other hand that its use is a source of development for the consumption of waste from the paper industry that are leaves. These heterocycles containing oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, which can present interesting therapeutic activities, were chosen as targets or as starting materials in this study. Our objective was to demonstrate that eucalyptol was a possible sustainable alternative to common solvents.

The modulation of mKATP channel activity is known to have a great impact on energy metabolism in a living organism. The aim of this work was to study the impact of mKATP channels opening on the physical endurance in the rats subject to compulsory swimming with a load. Our purpose was to find a mechanistic basis to explain the modulation of the energy metabolism under exercise training by studying the direct effect of mKATP channel opening on mitochondrial functions. Male Wistar rats exhibiting high and low resistance to physical stress were separated in two groups, and subjected to compulsory swimming with a load. Swimming time (ST) was monitored from the start till the fatigue was reached, and the rats began to drawn. ST was reliably higher in high resistance group, which coincided with higher endogenous mKATP channels activity. Unlike this, mKATP channels blockers, glibenclamide and 5-hydroxydecanoate completely blocked mKATP channel in vivo and dramatically reduced ST in both groups, which indicated its dependence on mKATP channel activity. To find a mechanistic basis for the observed dependence, we studied the effect of mKATP channels opening on mitochondrial functions in vitro. mKATP channels opener diazoxide stimulated state 4 respiration and decreased RCR, but increased phosphorylation efficiency (P/O). On the contrary, mKATP channels blockers, dramatically reduced P/O. Based on the experiments, we came to the conclusion of the correlation between the physical endurance and P/O ratio, both dependent on mKATP channels activity. Thus, mKATP channels opening inhibited phosphorylation, but increased its efficiency, which reduced energy expense for ATP synthesis. In vivo this resulted in the improvement of the endurance in the animals with elevated mKATP channel activity. Possible mechanisms and physiological relevance of the observed phenomena are discussed.

My approach of combining a rich source of human proteins (500-fold concentrated human urine) with a highly specific isolation method, the ligand-affinity-chromatography, enabled rapid and efficient isolation of not only soluble receptors, but also independent binding-proteins and associated enzymes. Using this approach, the following soluble form of several receptors as well as binding proteins were isolated: IL-6R, TNFRI, TNFRII, Type I Interferon receptor (IFN-\(\alpha\)/\(\beta\)R), Type II Interferon receptor (IFN-\(\gamma\)R), IL-18 Binding Protein (IL-18BP) and IL-32 Binding Protein. These findings enabled to coin the concept that soluble receptors and binding proteins are normal constituents of body fluids in healthy individuals and their levels in pathological situations are modulated. Moreover, the identification of soluble receptors led to the cloning of their long-sought cell surface ligand-binding counterparts. A number of the soluble proteins translated into drugs.  

Six compounds 7,9-diphenyl-1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane 1-6 have been synthesized by Mannich reaction and cyclo condensation. The structures and stereochemistry established by Elemental analysis, Mass, IR, ¹H,¹³C, NMR studies. The purities were checked by elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds 1-6 adopt chair conformation with equatorial orientation of the aryl groups by coupling constant values of ¹H NMR. All the compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella paratyphi. The compound 5 exhibited excellent in vitro antibacterial activity in all species.

One of the most serious global threats is water pollution. Untreated industrial effluent discharged into ecosystems poses a serious threat to aquatic life, plants, and humans. Among pollution-causing industries, the textile industry receives special attention from environmentalists due to the large amount of water, dyes, and chemicals used in textile processing. Aromatic amines, dyes, organic and inorganic compounds, and carcinogenic aromatic amines are all found in textile effluents. The principal types of synthetic colourants are azo, anthro quinone, and triphenyl methane dyes, which are difficult to degrade and have received a lot of study.  

Nonetheless, numerous fungi have been shown to be capable of transferring azo dyes to non-toxic goods under certain environmental conditions in recent years. Physic, chemical, and biological approaches for removing coloured pigments from textile industry effluents are now available. In the present study, the degradation and decolourization of tested dye by Aspergillus spp appeared to be due to the production of extracellular enzymes by this fungus in the dye-containing medium.

Nano copper compounds (Malachite and Rouaite) were synthesized using Moringa oleifera leaf extract as the reducing agents and characterized by X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscopic analysis, respectively, for structure and morphology. The UV-vis absorption analysis of Malachite exhibits multiple peaks, and the energy bandgap obtained from the Taue plot was 5.32 eV for malachite and 3.7 eV for Rouaite. The photoluminescence spectra of Malachite and Rouaite show broadband emission in the green region of the visible spectrum. The photocatalytic activity of Malachite and Rouaite was examined with the natural dye of beetroot (Beta vulgaris) extract and observed that the absorption peak intensity of the dye decreases as the time of exposure to sunlight increases, indicating the degrading effect of the synthesized samples. The antifungal activity of Malachite and Rouaite with Candida albicans by agar disc diffusion method showed that Rouaite has more enhanced antifungal activity than Malachite. Thus, it is suggested that the green synthesized Rouaite and Malachite may be used in medicine for their antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities.

Bio-plastics are biodegradable materials that can be obtained from renewable sources such as corn starch, straw, vegetable fats and oils, wood chips, recycled food waste, sawdust, etc. They can be used as an alternative to the commercial plastics in the market which contaminates our environment. Nowadays bio-plastics are worldwide popular due to their concern towards the environment, limited fossil fuel resources, and climatic change. The purpose of this study is to assess the properties of the starch-based bio-plastics prepared from Amorphophallus paeonifolius and Manihot esculenta using glycerol and agar-agar as the plasticizers. The synthesized bio-plastic was characterized with the help of UV-Visible spectrophotometer, FT-IR spectroscopy, and SEM Analysis. Finally, it is concluded that the bioplastic based on Manihot esculenta and Amorphophallus paeonifolius could be established as a favorable ecological alternative to be used as a developed medical material and the bio-plastic can also be used in packaging, cosmetics, food additives and clothing due to its good properties of resistance and favorable biodegradation.

Acetazolamide and Methazolamide are well known 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives exhibiting diuretic activity. Therefore, some newer 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-thiadiazoles were prepared and screened for diuretic activity. A few of the compounds namely IVa₁, IVb₂ and IVc₂ showed good diuretic activity comparable with the standard drug acetazolamide. Properties of the synthesized compounds were calculated by using the software Osiris property explorer (peo). Morphilino analogs (IVa₃ – IVd₃) showed higher Druglikeness and Drug Score as compared to other analogs. Among morphilino analogs IVa₃ is the most active compound therefore selected for bioisosteric approach for newer analog design using molopt software.

Drug delivery through the ocular route now-a-days became more interesting and challenging due to its complex anatomical structure. Despite of numerous efforts by the formulating scientists all over the world there are many challenges need to be overcome in making the drug delivery through the corneal route. The main issue with conventional dosage forms is poor ocular bioavailability due to short ocular residence times caused by anatomical and pathophysiological barriers in the eye. As a result, substantial work has gone into creating nanotechnology-based drug delivery methods that increase precorneal residence time to improve ocular bioavailability of medicines. Polymers containing thiol groups have much higher adhesive properties than polymers that are generally thought to be mucoadhesive. Chitosan and its derivatives are excellent polymeric biomaterials that have a variety of uses in drug delivery, particularly through the ocular route. Thiolated derivatives (thiomers) of chitosan produced via immobilization of thiol groups on the primary amino groups of chitosan backbone has improved its mucoadhesive properties by establishment of electrostatic interactions with mucin and enhanced permeability and anti-protease activity. Moreover, it is also biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic. Many drugs and therapeutics can be administered via nanoparticulate form also or as an in-situ gel forming systems through the ocular route using Thiolated chitosan. The main objective of this chapter is to provide an insight into the various approaches using Thiolated chitosan as nanocarrier for ocular drug delivery by summarizing recent findings and its applications in the field of ocular drug delivery.

In this present work base catalyzed method used for formation of chalcone of(E)-4-(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acryloyl)-5-methyl-2(p-tolyl)-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one (II) reacted with derivatives of S-benzo[d]thiol-2yl-2-chloroethanethioate (I_a-f) resulted in formation of corresponding derivatives of  (E)-S-benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl 2-(4-(3-(5-methyl-3oxo-2(p-tolyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)etanethioate(III_a-f) was confirmed by spectral characterization such as IR, ¹H NMR, LC-MS and elemental analysis. The compounds were screened for their antimicrobial properties against a broad panel Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi. Compound 3c and 3e shows good activity. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral data.

In the present investigation a new series of 1, 3, 4-oxadiazoles (3a-j) were synthesized by reacting INH (1) and substituted aromatic acids (2) in presence of POCl₃. The new compounds were established on the basis of IR, ¹H NMR and Mass spectral data. The compounds were subjected for In-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities and compared with the standard drugs Some of the tested compounds showed good activity against all the organisms. The presence of electron donating and withdrawing groups at the fourth position is mainly responsible for showing the good activity.