Editor(s)

Dr. SungCheal Moon
Department of Polymer Engineering, Industrial Technology Support Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Republic of Korea.

ISBN 978-93-91312-92-3 (Print)
ISBN 978-93-91312-97-8 (eBook)
DOI: 10.9734/bpi/naer/v5

This book covers key areas of engineering research. The contributions by the authors include   tool force, microstructure, mechanical properties, microwave drying, oil palm trunk, intensity, compression, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, thermal annealing, depth, concentration distribution, radiation dose, activation temperatures, ion implantation, solution-immersion, photoluminescence, innovative construction fills, geocomposite cellular mat, contaminant clay barrier, manufactured aggregates, fit-for-purpose materials, anti-slipping spike, road surface, wheel tracking, adaptive spike, pin, shape memory, temperature-sensitive element, supervised learning, unsupervised learning, machine learning, hybrid diameters silver nanowire network, graphene, pseudo-biological structure, transparent electrode, capillary force welding, organic light-emitting diode, triphenylamine organic dye, density functional theory, photovoltaic property, plasma, monosilane, plasma-forming gas, condensation, liquid film, skull, condenser, granulator, nanopowder, resonant frequency, oscillatory system, amplitude-frequency characteristic, Q factor, nonlinearity, cooling load calculation, quantum mechanics, quantum tunnelling, ultimate stress state, destruction of granular media with adhesion, envelope of Mohr's limit circles, working angles of cutting tools, friction and adhesive phenomena during cutting, cutting forces and power. This book contains various materials suitable for students, researchers and academicians in the field of engineering research.

 

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Chapters


In this paper, the microstructure of the weld from the AA2024 alloy is highly dependent on the heat input in the weld, and therefore it is necessary to understand thebrelationship between these characteristics to improve the mechanical properties of the weld. The microstructure of the weld from the AA2024 alloy is highly dependent on the heat input in the weld, and therefore it is necessary to understand the relationship between these characteristics to improve the mechanical properties of the weld. The effect of the microstructure in various zones of the weld on its microhardness has been ascertained. The structure of various weld zones was studied depending on the heat input to the weld. Therefore, the experiment was performed at different values of the external axial force and the values of the constant speed of the rotation of the tool and welding. The dependence of the microhardness and microstructure of the weld zones on the temperature gradient in both normal and traverse directions has been established.

Investigating the Effect of Power Intensity on Properties of Microwave Modified Oil Palm Trunk Lumber

Nurjannah Salim, Anis Izzati Ibrahim, Rasidi Roslan, Mohammad Ashry Jusoh, Rokiah Hashim

New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 5, 30 June 2021, Page 7-17
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/naer/v5/10402D

Oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) in Malaysia is one of the conventional plantations that is increasing year by year. Hence, the rate of oil palm biomass also increases in yet to come. Presently, oil palm biomass is going through research and development and appears to be the most sustainable alternative for the limitation of wood sources. Investigations on oil palm biomass have been conducted to support in draw out waste of oil palm and the meantime helping economic return to the country. This study was expected to estimate the effect of power intensity on the properties of microwave modified oil palm trunk lumber. Microwave treatment of oil palm trunk samples was set of connections by using a microwave operating at 2.45 GHz with the liberated process input power intensity (600-1000W). The impact and compression of the samples were tested. The analysis of properties of the fresh material and dry samples was employed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal decomposition study using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The oven-drying samples were also conducted as a comparison of the conventional drying process in this research. Based on the outcomes of this study, microwave drying methods shows the effectiveness in the drying process

Determining the Effect of Annealing on the Crystal Structure of CoSi2/Si (100) Formed by MBE, SSE and RE Epitaxy Techniques

B. E. Egamberdiev, A. Sh. Mavlyanov, Sh. A. Sayfulloyev

New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 5, 30 June 2021, Page 18-27
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/naer/v5/9681D

The paper presents original experimental results related to the study of the effect of annealing on the crystal structure of the surface of silicon doped with cobalt ions. The findings of research on CoSi2/Si(100) epitaxial structures formed by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), solid phase epitaxy (SPE), and other techniques are presented. It has been established that there are relationships between the morphology, stoichiometry, and growth conditions of CoSi2/ Si structures. The Auger profile of the sample was used to determine the ratios of the intensities of Auger signals of cobalt and silicon in the CoSi2 layer, as well as silicon in CoSi2 and silicon substrate. Authors support the claim that under certain heat treatment conditions, due to radiation of the surface of a single crystal, so-called epitaxial silicides are formed, which can play the role of conductive layers or metal coated layers. The structural state diagrams of CoSi2/Si (100) thin-film systems formed by MBE, SSE, and other methods have been compiled.  

ZnO Growth on PMMA-Coated Glass by Solution-Immersion Method: Influence of Immersion Time towards the Optical Properties of ZnO

A. Aadila, A. N. Afaah, N. A. M. Asib, R. Mohamed, M. Rusop, Z. Khusaimi

New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 5, 30 June 2021, Page 28-38
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/naer/v5/10355D

ZnO growth on PMMA-coated substrate under influence of different immersion time by solution-immersion technique was investigated. PMMA polymer was coated on a glass substrate by spin-coating method. The PMMA-coated substrate was then prepared for non-immersed and immersed for four (4) and six (6) hours in zinc solution. The optical properties of the film obtained were characterized using Photoluminescence (PL), Raman Spectra and Ultraviolet-Vis (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. It was found that shorter time of immersion (4 hours) produced higher intensity of PL and Raman. However, the reverse was found for UV-Vis measurement. The low absorption that was shown from the film immersed for 4 hours may correspond to the random distribution and orientation of ZnOparticle growth on PMMA-coated substrate.

Some Innovative Developments in Fit-for-Purpose Sustainable Construction Fills

Devapriya Chitral Wijeyesekera

New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 5, 30 June 2021, Page 39-49
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/naer/v5/10205D

Innovative and sustainable research developments need the intellectual process of constantly reviewing their fit-for-purpose realistic design. The plethora of challenging geo-environments and emerging project constraints preclude a single, quick-fix solution. Society-linked geo-environmental challenges need looking beyond adopting unsustainable backfilling methods but abide with the guidance from the current proliferation of standards, rating, and certification. Challenging situations encompass high initial construction costs that often culminate in expensive and disruptive maintenance. From rock armours in flood protection to undulating road surfaces, heavy self-weight of road embankment fills on yielding subgrade such as peat soils solicit innovative fill designs. Conventional and alternative, sustainable fills are presented in this chapter with insights into new and appropriate technology, opening doors for sustainable innovation in varying construction scenarios.

Prospects for the Use of Martensites in the Manufacture of Adaptive Anti-Slipping Spikes: Advanced Study

I. P. Voiku, T. V. Sergeeva, A. V. Strikunov

New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 5, 30 June 2021, Page 50-56
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/naer/v5/10412D

The article substantiates the relevance of the development of an innovative device, namely an adaptive anti-slipping spike, and the prospects for the use of martensites in its manufacture. The device belongs to the automotive industry, specifically to the anti-slipping spikes. Tire treads of vehicles are equipped with these spikes to increase their adhesion to the roadway. The use of traditional anti-slipping spikes does not allow solving two problems at the same time: to ensure maximum adhesion of the vehicle’s wheel to the road surface and to minimize the destructive effect of anti-slipping spikes on the road surface. These tasks are solved by the fact that the proposed device is made according to the shape and size of traditional anti-slipping spikes but contains a retractable pin. The pin can be operated either by the substances with a negative coefficient of thermal expansion or martensitic materials. The article describes the prospects and features of their use.

Study on Auto Sector Stock Price Trend Prediction by using Decision Tree

Manish M. Goswami, Sachin Jambhulkar

New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 5, 30 June 2021, Page 57-67
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/naer/v5/2384F

Many national and international uncertain factors determine the auto sector stock price trend. It includes local as well as global factors. It is challenging to predict the impact of such a factor on the stock price trend as the impact of the same factor varies at different points of time and due to nonlinear nature of the financial stock market. Machine learning method is one of the techniques which capture patterns in the historical data. It is this feature which prompted us to use it for predicting auto sector stock price trend in this research work. It proposes detailed study on auto sector stock price trend prediction. This research specifically highlights decision tree classifier as a method to forecast trend in auto sector price prediction as it handle multidimensional data and doesn’t require any domain knowledge.

Graphene/silver nanowire composite films have great potential as transparent conductive electrodes in the field of optoelectronic devices. So far, antioxidant and reducing the junction resistance are two major parameters in the silver nanowire electrode studies. In this paper, a pseudo-biological inspired structure for transparent electrodes was proposed by combining hybrid diameters silver nanowire network with the chemical vapor deposition-grown (CVD-grown) graphene as a passivation layer. An environmentally friendly liquid, deionized water, was selected for the generation of capillary forces at the liquid bridge, thereby improving the wire junction problem. Compared with the silver nanowire films, the value of the figure of merit (FoM) of the graphene/silver nanowire composite film increased by 69.6% with a sheet resistance of 26.4 ?/sq, and a transmittance was 91.4% at 550nm.  Also, graphene was chosen as an encapsulation layer to protecting silver nanowires from oxidation while improving electrical properties, which makes the composite films promising as electrodes for underwater optoelectronic devices or a possible development in high humidity environments. Furthermore, the capillary-welded silver nanowire/graphene composite film was used as the transparent anode to prepare organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices. The devices emitted green electroluminescence at 516 nm, and the turn-on voltage was about 3.8 V. The maximum brightness was 50810 cd/cm2, which is higher than the indium tin oxide-based (ITO-based) devices with the same configuration. Therefore, it means that this novel silver nanowires/graphene electrode has great potential in optoelectronic device applications.

Studies on the Photovoltaic Property of the Triphenylamine Organic Dye Using Density Functional Theory

Guixiang Zeng, Wenyi Pan, Qian Lin, Ruiru Fang, Haiyan Lin, Jing Huang

New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 5, 30 June 2021, Page 88-95
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/naer/v5/10120D

Density functional theory was used to analyse the photovoltaic property of the triphenylamine organic dye in this work. According to the nonplanar structure of the molecule, the triphenylamine organic dye may be categorised into three types: donor, -bridge, and acceptor. The photovoltaic property was accomplished via a solar-powered HOMOLUMO transition.

Innovative Silicon Solutions in the Field of Renewable Energy

Petrov Stanislav, Korzhyk Volodymyr

New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 5, 30 June 2021, Page 96-120
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/naer/v5/10210D

The method of plasma pyrolysis of monosilane is used to examine the continuous technical process of producing «solar» silicon granules and nanosilicon powder. The time of decomposition, e.g. at 1800oC, is 2×10-5 s. At a plasma velocity of about 1000 m/s, decomposition of monosilane will take place at a distance of 2 cm. The energy consumption is calculated as min QSi = 1.69 kWh/kg Si, GSi = 50 kg/h Si at useable plasmatron power W = 100 kW, volume ratio VAr/VH2 = 0.2/0.8, and reaction zone length L = 0.06 m. The topic of modelling the steady-state cooling and condensation of silicon vapours and molten silicon droplets formed by the interaction of monosilane with a plasma jet was taken into consideration. The impact observed when the condensation reactor is coupled with the granulator, i.e. where the mechanisms of condensation of silicon vapours into a liquid film and conversion of flow of this film into a droplet one take place on its working surface at the same time, leads to the formation of a new condenser – granulator concept. Nanopowder is created using turbulent thermal plasma fluxes. Based on this technique, it is conceivable to develop high-efficiency equipment for continuous manufacture of low-cost silicon for photovoltaics and materials required for future generations of Lithium-ion batteries with minimal capital and operating cost.

The article presents a mathematical model for studying the accuracy characteristics of devices for measuring the resonant frequency of oscillatory systems for devices proposed by one of the co-authors, as well as traditional devices that are technically closer to known (prototypes) devices. The compiled mathematical model makes it possible to identify additional factors affecting the accuracy of the final measurement result and to carry out a comparative analysis of the basic error in measuring the resonant frequency of oscillatory systems, both concentrated and with distributed parameters, taking into account the errors introduced by the constituent blocks of the device. The block diagram of the model, the block diagram of the algorithm and tabular data of the study of devices for measuring the resonant frequency, developed by one of the co-authors, are presented, as well as tabular data of the results of comparative analysis in relation to traditionally known devices.

The Use of Quantum Mechanics to Predict a Room's Cooling Load

Saket Sinha, Pramod Kumar Sinha

New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 5, 30 June 2021, Page 133-142
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/naer/v5/10596D

The goal of this chapter is to use quantum physics to determine the cooling load of a room. Quantum tunnelling action of photons is used to model heat transport through walls, roofs, and windows. It considers internal heat transfer for room from Quantum mechanics. Internal heat transfers and heat transfer by photon tunnelling effect from walls, roof, and windows are added to get the total cooling load for a space. The cooling load calculated using the Quantum mechanics method is compared to the standard cooling load calculation processes of Cooling load temperature difference and radiant time series method for the room. The cooling load calculation approach based on quantum mechanics has direct applications in the computation of cooling loads for spacecraft in vacuum. Old methods of cooling load calculation use heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation for calculating cooling load. For estimating cooling load, quantum mechanics relies on the tunnelling action of photons through materials rather than conduction or convection methods for heat transfer through materials in the presence of a medium like air.

Study on Application of Cutting Theory in Oil and Gas Engineering

Ivanova Tatiana Nicolaevna, Baranchik Vitaly Pavlovich, Zakirov Marat Fanilevich

New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 5, 30 June 2021, Page 143-149
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/naer/v5/9741D

The article analyzes the problem of reducing the cutting force of soils when drilling wells, which is one of the main problems of increasing labor productivity and energy saving in mining and construction engineering. It is proposed to use the peculiarity of the soil to resist stretching weakly and, in this regard, to intensify tensile forces in the drilled rock. The scientific basis of the proposals is the classical Mohr theory of strength, the resulting theory of the limiting state of materials and, known from the theory of metal cutting and soil mechanics, contact phenomena in the cutting zone, leading to the appearance of tension in the compressed volume of the material. A methodology of determining the optimal geometry of the cutting blade as applied to drilling wells are given, which can significantly increase the drilling speed and reduce energy consumption. It is proposed to use the  peculiarity of the soil to weakly resist tensile forces, and in this regard, to intensify tensile stresses in the drilled rock.