Comparative Genomic Diversity of Clostridium Difficile during Sequential Recurrences of Infections: A Review

Authors

  • Ihsanullah Shirani The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and College of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Substantial Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad 2601, Afghanistan.
  • Marawan A. Marawan The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and College of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Substantial Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. and Infectious Diseases, Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qualyobia 13511, Egypt.
  • Najibullah Rahimi Animal Production Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad 2601, Afghanistan.
  • Ali Dawood The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China and College of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Substantial Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China and Infectious Diseases, Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32511, Egypt.
  • Aizhen Guo The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China and College of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Innovation Centre of Substantial Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China and National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China and Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/imb/v2/13949D

Keywords:

Clostridium difficile, ribotypes, whole genomic analysis, BLAST, MLST, Recurrence, relapse, genome

Abstract

Clostridium difficile is an important emerging infectious agent, and might colonize in digestive tract of animals and humans. C. difficile exhibits a low level of gene conservation. Consequently, antibiotic therapy has demonstrated in 15-30% effectiveness of the cases. In the current review we summarized up to date information about the drug resistance genotypes of C. difficile for the first time, including sporulation and motility methods, growth suitability, antibiotic susceptibility, and whole-genome sequencing. PCR enables to certify the recurrences were a mixture of original (relapse) and new strains (reinfection). Our study revealed that there was a steady difference among various genotypes, demonstrating that mutations in the DNA genes were common in the antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Together our data revealed that antibiotic resistance poses selective pressure on the genome evolution of C. difficile that could lead to more adoptable strains with drug resistance. This study may open a new avenue for the research in understanding the mechanism of C. difficile adaptation to antibiotics and development of new antibacterial drugs. However, further research is needed to explore C. difficile genomic diversity changed from molecular typing assays to total-genome sequence comparisons, and comparative genome microarrays.

Published

2021-11-03

How to Cite

Ihsanullah Shirani, Marawan A. Marawan, Najibullah Rahimi, Ali Dawood, & Aizhen Guo. (2021). Comparative Genomic Diversity of Clostridium Difficile during Sequential Recurrences of Infections: A Review. Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 2, 47–58. https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/imb/v2/13949D

Issue

Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 2

Section

Chapters