Emerging Trends in Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

The aim of the study is to conduct an exploratory review of the Covid-19 pandemic by focusing on the theme of Covid-19 pandemic morbidity and mortality, considering the dynamics of artificial intelligence and quality of life (QOL). A review of the literature, anecdotal evidence, and reports on the morbidity of COVID-19, including the magnitude of its destructive consequences in nations such as the United States, Africa, the United Kingdom, China, and Brazil, among others, were used in this research work. The outcomes of this study revealed that the coronavirus's destructive impacts are felt by a variety of vulnerable populations. The elderly, front-line workers, marginalised populations, visible minorities, and others are among them. The issue in Africa is particularly formidable due to a lack of infrastructure, as well as financial and human resources. Furthermore, scientists are effectively employing AI technology to improve the creation of vaccinations and pharmaceuticals. The pandemic also helped us recognise the necessity of inter-personal cooperation as well as shared ideals. The importance of healthcare workers and other frontline workers in reacting to the epidemic is also recognised. In addition, new techniques and effective health interventions have been found to be critical in treating the crisis's negative impacts. This highlights the lessons that must be learned from the pandemic in order to deal with future waves of epidemics as efficiently as possible. One of these future implementations is ensuring the health and well-being of the elderly. Another crucial future implication is to make the best use of AI capabilities to combat the pandemic at all phases.

Mortality rates of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) continue to rise across the world. The impact of several risk factors on coronavirus mortality has been previously reported in several meta-analyses limited by small sample sizes.  In this systematic review, we aimed to summarize available findings on the association between comorbidities, complications, smoking status, obesity, gender, age, other risk of mortality from COVID-19 using a questionare base study from Novel coronavirus or 2019-nCoV) disease (COVID-19) outbreak IS occur in one of the most chief health problems world wide. COVID-19, according to the WHO, is the world's sixth public health disaster, affecting over 300 countries. COVID-19 has been shown to produce a severe form of acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS), comparable to the ARDS caused by the bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-CoVZXC21 corona viruses.  It has been reported by World health organization that around 3,848,683 confirmed reported cases with 30,980,21 deaths were declared from at least 260 countries well confirmed cases have been diagnosed in number of countries and regions all over the world, most of them was in China. The most well-known way is to take precautions and preventive measures. To flatten the epidemic curve and limit the impact of the coronavirus on human health, social distancing and self-quarantine were recommended. The aim of this study is to determine the self-quarantine impacts  has on human behaviors associated with weight gain and anxiety or depression during the   pandemic.

The aim of the study was to see variations in the origin, course and branching pattern of the dorsalis pedis artery. Pulsations of the dorsalis pedis artery are frequently used to assess peripheral arterial disorders in the lower extremities, such as thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) or Buerger's disease. The dorsalis pedis artery is a main arterial supply for the dorsum of the foot and is a direct continuation of the anterior tibial artery. However, because to the abundance of distal anastomoses around the ankle joint, arterial changes in the lower limbs are widespread. The absence of a dorsalis pedis arterial pulse does not always imply peripheral arterial illness, as it might be replaced by an expanded perforating branch of the peroneal artery, which may be missing or very thin and deviate laterally on the dorsum of the foot. During routine dissection of lower limbs for undergraduates we came across rare variations in the dorsalis pedis artery in its origin, course and branching pattern. In the present study, we also got another not described variation, that is, in the absence of arcuate artery the 2nd 3rd and 4th dorsal metatarsal arteries were arising from dorsalis pedis artery and not from the lateral tarsal artery. Normal anatomic description was found in 27 limbs. In 13 specimens we noted variations, includes bilateral anomalous origin of dorsalis pedis artery, bilateral lateral deviation of dorsalis pedis artery, double dorsalis pedis artery, trifurcation of dorsalis pedis artery and absence of arcuate artery. As variation in dorsalis pedis artery is quite common, it is essential to have a preoperative angiography for any abnormality, to prevent risks during surgical intervention.

This research work has been done in the field of social and organizational psychology. It is our aim to analyze the factors which influence the levels of satisfaction and achievement reached by those working for scientific organizations and their relationship with professional mobility [1]. Objectifs: i) To observe if there is a significant association between Professional Mobility and General Job Satisfaction, with no distinction between hard and soft sciences (disciplinary fields.); ii) Analyze the relationship between human factors (psychosocial or other existing variables) and professional mobility observed among researchers from different fields (“hard” or “soft” sciences.); iii) The “disciplinary homogenization” (systems of beliefs, expectations and values, which differ according to the field -“hard” or “soft” sciences- associated with socialization and traditions), are linked to a different level of satisfaction according to the different factors psychosocial issues addressed (working atmosphere, perceptions about their jobs, power and influence, research work organization, among others); iv) Know the role of the leader (units’ director or chief) in academic units of research and the management of scientific organizations in relation to the satisfaction of the members of the research group and, also, with professional mobility. Based on a population of teachers from the Cuyo region (N=355 UID - Research & Development Units), a stratified sample was taken from universities and different specialties (5 percent error margin). The research faculty at this time were from the Universidad Nacional de Cuyo in Mendoza, Argentina (N= 53 Research Units), with one chief or director and members. Quantitative methods were employed (two questionnaires). The findings reveal that contentment among researchers varies depending on their professional mobility and disciplinary domains. In terms of leadership and career mobility, researchers, regardless of their disciplinary discipline, express a general sense of pleasure.

Introduction: Globally, drug misuse and its attendant consequences have become the bedrock of social ills such as gangsterism, rape, prostitution, kidnapping, armed robbery, assault and assassinations, thus constituting a universal challenge plaguing many nations and causing concern to both Governments and the people. Drugs misused include the non-therapeutic (licit/legal) drugs like caffeine, tobacco/nicotine or alcohol as well as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, prescribed medications and illicit/illegal psychoactive substances including cannabis (use of this drug is now legalised in some countries but not in Nigeria), cocaine and crack, morphine, tramadol, codeine, heroin, benzodiazepines, etc. The misuse of these drugs has increased dramatically, resulting in immense health and socioeconomic consequences to which every healthcare professional and Government must recognise and respond. Despite this ugly scenario, the solution to drug misuse has remained enigmatic. This review aims to educate and provide assistance in  alleviating and reducing the challenges of drug misuse and its consequences, particularly in Nigeria.

Methods: A manual literature and internet (Medline, HINARI, PubMed and other databases) search were conducted.

Results:  It was found that the drugs misused have a notorious property of addictive potentials and hence, the unique ability to perpetuate their use by compromising rationality and wreaking havoc on the faculty of self-preservation. This causes a molecular brain disease which inevitably leads to disorder, dysfunction or destruction. Addictive substances induce pleasant/pleasurable states (euphoria in the initial phase) or relieve distress. Continued use induces adaptive changes in the central nervous system (CNS) that lead to tolerance, dependence, sensitization (reverse tolerance), craving and relapse with attendant adverse physical, mental, social, psychological, spiritual and economic consequences. Strategies to control drug misuse include reduction of harm, psychotherapy, drug treatment and prevention initiatives. Realistic media literacy for youth is imperative and religious grouping activities are protective.

Conclusion: Drug misuse is a major global public health issue. Remediations of misuse are directed at restoring the total wellbeing of the individual and the family together with improved political and socioeconomic conditions. Since prevention is the key to successful management, all hands must be on deck to reduce risk factors and strengthen protective factors so that we can effectively reduce and remedy the tragic effects of drug misuse and its consequences on individuals, families and nations.

The present study aims to evaluate the early pancreatic fluid collections following acute pancreatitis on MRI. Acute pancreatitis is a frequent inflammatory condition that affects the pancreas, peripancreatic tissues, and distant organs. Acute pancreatitis is classified as mild, moderately severe, or severe according to the new Atlanta classification of 2012. Acute fluid collection terminology has undergone significant revisions in the classification. The study also aimed to provide an image-rich overview of different morphologic characteristics of early-stage (within 4 wks. after symptom onset) local complications associated with acute pancreatitis by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging; to clarify confusing imaging concepts for pancreatic fluid collections and underline standardised reporting nomenclature; to aid communication among treating physicians; and to facilitate the implications for gastrointestinal surgery. Radiologists should be fully aware of the standardised imaging nomenclature on the basis of associated morphologic descriptions. It is necessary for accurate documentation and reporting of academic research, and it is also important to direct implications of care plans for patients with acute pancreatitis.

The Covid-19 Pandemic crisis has disrupted current economic patterns and individuals habits. This disruptive event represents a great challenge for practioners and researchers in supply chain and logistics. The current health crisis has highlighted weaknesses in the end to end supply chain from purchase to delivery. Every part of the chain is under strain and exposed to high risks. However, in every crisis there is an opportunity. In terms of supply chain resilience, it is an opportunity to rethink the logistic schemes and the strategies to adopt. Everyone's immunization is the key solution for an economic and social relaunch. Only a widely accessible vaccine could pave the way for a more complete recovery. However, this large scale operation is difficult to control and to ensure from end to end. Several risks are present: fraud, detour of vaccine, speculation, vaccine expiry, and control of cold chain. Participating in such a vaccine supply chain can protect lives and support a sustainable economic recovery. Through this chapter we aim to provide an overview about vaccine supply chain literature, key issues faced during Covid-19 health crisis, and network design and strategies adopted that might help for a social and economic recovery. Moreover, we aim to address main contraints of vaccine supply chain and how can Blockchain help to master flows along the value chain.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rapidly expanding in U.S.A, Spain and Europe and to respond to it, countries are using national lockdown strategies and restrictions on international travels. While in India, strategies implemented proves to be more efficient in controlling the community spread of the disease. Our statistical analysis was based on the publicly available data of the new daily confirmed cases reported from various countries and about the ongoing trials of several diagnostic and treatment methods. Real time RT-PCR proved its inefficiency as a diagnostic tool, thus the country focused on the ELISA based humoral response assay and included Convalescent Plasma therapy as a core treatment protocol and this helped India to ensure higher recovery rate (22.5%) in a short duration. Complete lockdown till 3^rd and imposition of stringent measures helped the country to limit the death toll (3%). Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is monitoring around 9.45 lakh suspected cases. From our statistical analysis, it is clear that India is in a better position than many other countries in case of survival rates but immediate actions have to be taken so as to avoid disease spread in the states with higher population density. Convalescent Plasma therapy should be implemented and developing effective diagnostic tools and anti-viral drugs should be of major concern.

Congenital infections refer to those infections which can transmit from mother to fetus in utero and lead to serious feotal outcomes. These infections are TORCH infections which include toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2. Congenital infections are prevented by early antenatal diagnosis and proper management.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of TORCH infection with bad obstetric history among pregnant women. This is an Observational and comparative study

This study was conducted at  Central laboratory section of Department of Microbiology, SMS Medical College and Attached Group of Hospitals, Jaipur (Rajasthan) between April 2020 and September 2021.

Blood samples were taken from 260 pregnant women (130 with a negative obstetric history and 130 without a negative obstetric history). Chemiluminescence was used to detect IgM and IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma, Rubella, and Cytomegalovirus, as well as ELISA for Herpes simplex virus 1  and 2.

The findings of this study revealed that Overall TORCH IgM seropositivity in high-risk pregnant women was 17.19%. In pregnant women with bad obstetric history, IgM Seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii was 3.84% (P value .02), rubella 2.34% (P value .30), Cytomegalovirus 5.47% (P value .08), and 6.25% (P value .56) for Herpes-1 and 2 infections and IgG seropositivity for toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes virus was 16.41% (P value .001), 93.75% (P value .11), 98.44% (P value .55), 48.44% (P value .53) respectively. In pregnant women without bad obstetric history, IgM and IgG seropositivity for toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes virus was 0/0.77%, 0.76/97.69%, 1.53/99.23% and 4.61/44.62% respectively.

It is concluded that TORCH infection is transmissible in-utero in all the stages of pregnancy which causes serious outcomes in both mother and fetus. So early diagnosis and prompt treatment is necessary for healthy pregnancy and better feotal outcomes.

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) has varied etiology. Genetic predisposition or the presence of oncogenic viruses are two etiological variables that might disrupt the physiological processes that limit cellular proliferation.  The study was aimed to determine the association of Epstein- Barr virus (EBV) with oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). The objective of the study was to quantify the EBV in oral exfoliated cells of OSCC and OPMD patients. Oral exfoliated cells were collected from the subjects diagnosed with OSCC (n=19), OPMD (n=23) and healthy subjects without any deleterious condition (n=39). The DNA extraction was performed with DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kits (Qiagen, Germany). Quantitative Real-Time PCR was then carried out with QuantiNova® SYBR® Green PCR Kit (Qiagen, Germany). Compared to healthy subjects, very high EBV load was observed in the oral exfoliated cells of OSCC and OPMD patients. The presence of EBV DNA in all three groups of individuals indicates that EBV is an oral resident. Aside from its presence, the high prevalence of EBV DNA in OSCC and OPMD shows a link between the two diseases. The elevated odds and risk ratio for EBV copy number point to a substantial link between this virus and OSCC and OPMD. This could be the first study to measure EBV DNA in OSCC and OPMD oral exfoliated epithelial cells.  

Globally, there is a problem of disequilibrium between donation and organ transplantation, this equilibrium is remarkable in Japan. Especially there are few donation from brain death, and it was needed to clarify nurses’ recognition in organ transplantation   and required care. The goal of this study was to clarify the role of nurses in organ transplantation nursing, as well as the required care for patients' families and support for nurses in order to improve quality of care.    

 We conducted this study in Western Japan over the course of two months in 2019. A researcher conducted a semi-qualitative interview with organ transplantation nurses to learn about their perceptions of nursing, required family care, and needed support for nurses.

 Many nurses felt unprepared to care for their families, and some faced ethical dilemmas. Even if some nurses struggled with their own beliefs or religion, they were responsible in their care of patients or family members. Nurses considered practice of care that considers families' feelings, support of decision-making, and care that allows families to live positively following transplantation to be essential care. Nurses required transplantation education, an increase in staff members, the opportunity to communicate dilemmas, and mental care. Nurses were aware of the necessity of decision-making, but they also felt a lack of resources for family care or dilemmas. To promote high-quality nursing and organ donation or transplantation, education about transplantation, including family care, and management of resolution of dilemma or mental health may be necessary.

Porphyrias and reproduction are poorly understood, as is the case with many uncommon disorders. Even more information about pregnancy complications in porphyria patients is scarce. The data we collect comes from attending to specific cases. The following case report demonstrates a rare case of porphyria cutanea tarda in a 30 years old female patient, who presented to the Emergency department of Government Medical College Nagpur as a case of severe anemia having delivered a still born baby the same day elsewhere. Stillbirths, spontaneous abortions, preeclampsia, and low birth weights are only a few of the known pregnancy issues in porphyria patients.

The current study aimed to assess nurses’ job satisfaction and per- ceived organizational support with their effect on quality of provided health care in Saudi Arabia through assessing direct and indirect relations. Job satisfaction with the quality of given health care is seen as the most important factor that has a direct impact on the health-care industry, since if nurses do not provide excellent treatment to their patients, patient discontent rises. Job satisfaction is described as the degree to which employees are satisfied with their jobs, whether they like the job or specific components of it, such as the sort of work or regulations.  A correlational cross-sectional approach was applied to target all accessible nurses who work at the main governmental hospitals in Saudi Arabia during the period from 1st March to 30th April 2020. Data were collected using online questionnaire. Although there was a direct favourable effect of organisational support on the quality of treatment, it was small. Improving the working environment at hospitals and other health-care facilities will result in more loyalty and a sense of security among employees. The primary factors that lead to great job satisfaction with good health care are safety perception and loyalty. Both financial and psychological rewards should be included in organisational assistance.There was a significant relation between organizational support and job satisfaction with their effect on quality of care. Nonsatisfaction was favourably influenced by organisational support, which in turn influenced the quality of treatment provided.

The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones which controls metabolism of the body and it is at risk of radiation exposure among health care workers in the field of radiation oncology, radiology, cardiology, neurology, physicians and other paramedical staff. Radiation induced different thyroid diseases include hypothyroidism, thyroiditis and auto-immune thyroid disease. Cancer has not been associated with the occupational exposure even in long follow up studies. Radiation induced thyroid disease is an emerging professional hazard especially in the developed countries attributing to health care infrastructure. This hazard may be prevented by using thyroid shield. There are some organizations controlling the occupational limits of radiation exposure among health care workers and that is strictly monitored. Research is going on thyroid peroxidase to establish as marker for radiation induced thyroid damage. As thyroid gland is involved in body homeostasis, more studies should be done by recruiting greater number of health care workers so as to develop guidelines to prevent thyroid exposure and to formulate management guidelines based on the early stage markers.