Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

Implementation of Indonesia – Netherlands Joint Project-in Maluku Islands: Activities and Outcomes

Semuel Leunufna — 2023-07-04

The project's title implies that its primary goals are to establish facilities, implement a blended learning programme, and create? an agricultural value chain that is inclusive and sustainable. The project, Setting up a blended learning program for sustainable inclusive agricultural value chain development in Indonesia, was implemented at the Faculty of Agriculture Pattmura University, Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia during 2017 – 2021, to strengthen the capacity of beneficiary institution through provision of research equipments, international visitation of its staffs, education and training of the students and staffs, provision of learning material, etc The project select five products with potential for the Maluku Islands as the focus of its educational and research efforts: nutmeg, clove, coconut, sago, and banana. Two cycles of lectures on the course of Agricultural Value Chain Analysis were given in a blended learning approach after the development of internet/video convergence facilities. Three international seminars/webinars were successfully completed during the implementation presenting keynote speakers from various institutions related to the five selected commodities and attended by participants from government, research and educational institutions, business institutions and community including farmers and farmers group. Establishment of Innovation platform for nutmeg commodity and inclusion of the agciultural value chain course into the curriculum of the Faculty of Agriculture were part of the efforst to institusionalize the project accomplishment.

Determining the impact of Vermicompost and Organic Formulations on Yield and Quality of Soybean

P. B. Lokhande — 2023-07-04

This chapter highlights the effect of Vermicompost and Organic Formulations on Yield and Quality of Soybean Grown on Vertisol. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Wilczek] is globally important oilseed crop and source of high quality protein for human consumption, used as fodder for animal and is also important crop rotation systems. The field experiments were conducted during kharif-2020 and kharif-2021 at Research Farm, Department of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry, College of Agriculture, VNMKV Parbhani, to study the effect of vermicompost and organic formulations on yield and quality of soybean grown on Vertisol. The experiment was laid in factorial randomized block design with twelve treatments and three replications. The yield parameters like no. of pods, seed and straw yield and quality parameters like protein content and test weight showed significant increased with the application of RDF as compared to other treatments. The organic formulations improve the microbial and enzymatic activity in soil and it provides adequate supply of nutrients at critical growth stages of soybean as well as presence of growth regulators contributing to higher straw yield. The maximum benefit among organic formulation therapies was found when Beejamruth, Jeevamruth, and Pancahgavya (OF3) were applied together rather than separately. The treatment receiving RDF (C1) together with the combination application of Beejamruth + Jeevamruth + Pancahgavya (OF3) showed a considerable improvement in seed and straw yield. Jeevamrutha contains enormous amount of microbial load which enhances the microbial activity in soil upon its application, while panchagavya act as a source of nutrients besides producing hormonal effect. The result of the experiment revealed that application of RDF along with combined application of Beejamruth + Jeevamruth + Pancahgavya was found beneficial for increase in yield and quality of soybean grown in Vertisol.

Effective Techniques for the Analysis of Hyperspectral Images to Detect Black Sigatoka Disease Based on Unique Learning Principles

Jorge Ugarte Fajardo — 2023-07-04

The present study assesses cutting distributed edge intelligence methods with unique learning theories for hyperspectral imaging-based early detection of the black sigatoka disease. We go over the learning characteristics of the techniques used, which will aid researchers in better comprehending the conditions for the necessary data and choosing a strategy that will work for their research needs. With the continuous progress of development, artificial intelligence has made good progress in the analysis and recognition of images, which has also triggered some researchers to explore the area of combining machine learning and deep learning with hyperspectral images and achieve some progress. The current chemical methods for controlling plant diseases have an adverse effect on the environment and raise the cost of production. Creating efficient crop protection strategies requires accurate and early disease detection of the disease. A set of hyperspectral images of banana leaves inoculated with a conidial suspension of black sigatoka fungus (Pseudocercospora fijiensis) was used to train and validate machine learning models. Support vector machine (SVM), multilayer perceptron (MLP), neural networks, N-way partial least square–discriminant analysis (NPLS-DA), and partial least square–penalized logistic regression (PLS-PLR) were selected due to their high predictive power. When the spectral signatures of the misclassified leaves were compared with the average spectra of the healthy and diseased leaves, the similarities and differences that explained their erroneous classification could be observed. The models were assessed using the metrics of AUC, precision, sensitivity, prediction, and F1 score. The experimental outcomes demonstrate that the PLS-PLR, SVM, and MLP models enable the successful and highly reliable early detection of black sigatoka disease, positioning them as robust and highly reliable HSI classification methods for the early detection of plant disease and allowing for the evaluation of chemical and biological control of phytopathogens.

Determining the Pathogenicity of Symbiotic Bacteria of Entomopathogenic Nematodes against the Larvae of Tobacco Caterpillar (Spodoptera litura F.)

S. Adithya — 2023-07-04

This chapter investigate the bacterial pathogenicity of symbiotic bacteria against the serious insect pest that feeds voraciously on both agricultural and horticultural crops, Spodoptera litura.

Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) an economically important insect pests worldwide, especially in the tropics, temperate zones, and other warm environments. In this investigation symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes were evaluated for their insecticidal activity against larvae of S. litura under lab conditions. The four new isolates (EPB1, EPB4, EPB8 and EPB9) belongs to Photorhabdus luminescence isolated from nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and one isolate (EPB3) of Xenorhabdus nematophila isolated from nematode Steinernema sp. were used in the study. The intact cell suspension and cell-free extract were screened for their bacterial pathogenicity and the results showed mortality of larvae after 24h of post treatment. The percent mortality treated with intact cell suspension was significantly higher CFU with a median lethal time ranging from 33-45h. The results showed that the isolates EPB3 (Xenorhabdus nematophilus) is comparatively more virulent than other Photorhabdus isolates against the test insect S. litura. This study paves the way for advances in our understanding of the virulence of several Entamopathogenic bacteria in non- model insects, such as the new invasive S. frugiperda species in Africa.

These symbiotic bacteria can also be produced as potential biopesticides against insect pests by screening them for their biocontrol effectiveness in greenhouse and field settings.

Resistance Breeding in Ornamental Plants: An Overview

Tulipa De — 2023-07-04

This chapter highlights Resistance breeding in ornamental plants. Use of resistant varieties leads to reduction in the use of pesticides which in turn results in reduction of environmental pollution and health hazards caused using pesticides. Moreover, genetic resistance protects natural enemies of insect pest which are killed by insecticides. A series of studies have been conducted for the identification and cloning of genes capable of increasing tolerance to environmental stresses like drought, freezing, heat, salinity, metal toxicity, hypoxia, and UV-B radiation. Somaclonal variation has contributed to the development of abiotic stress resistant varieties in major crops. Mutation techniques including transposon mutagenesis have made to the understanding of the molecular basis of the plant stress response based on the information gathered from the Arabidopsis and other model studies. Other methodologies used to develop new genotypes tolerant to cold, drought and salt are wide distant hybridization, In-vitro mutagenesis and genetic engineering. Breeding for biotic stress resistance deals with defense mechanisms and strategies that protect host plants against pests and pathogens, inheritance of resistance genes and durable effectiveness of resistance genes.

An Overview of Organic Farming in India and its Role in Sustainable Agriculture

Kaushlendra Mani Tripathi — 2023-07-04

Organic farming represents a method of agricultural production that endeavours to uphold and enhance the innate equilibrium of the environment. In alternative terms, this method of agriculture relies on the utilization of fertilizers that are derived from wholly natural sources known as organic fertilizers. The conventional methods of farming encompass the application of chemical fertilizers and harmful pesticides that result in notable harmful effects on the environment. Consequently, this technique of agricultural production is employed to generate uncontaminated sustenance for consumers, while simultaneously upholding soil richness and fostering ecological equilibrium. Organic farming has emerged as a promising substitute for conventional farming, exhibiting the potential to address issues related to quality and ecology. Moreover, organic farming practices promote debt-free operation. This alternative agricultural approach confers both agronomic and environmental advantages by implementing procedural modifications and strategic management of agricultural systems. Organic farming boasts numerous advantages for both developed nations and developing countries like India. In developing countries, organic farming promotes sustainable resource utilization, augmented crop yields without excessive dependence on costly external inputs, as well as the safeguarding of the environment and biodiversity features. The decrement of residue levels in a product serves to mitigate health risks to both humans and animals. It aids in maintaining agro ecosystems' productivity at a sustainable rate. Organic farming is a form of crop production that prioritizes the nourishment of soil over the feeding of individual plants, thereby decreasing the cost of agricultural production while simultaneously enhancing soil health.

Targeted Yield Approach of Fertiliser Recommendation for Sustaining Soil and Crop Productivity

N. Bhavya — 2023-07-04

This chapter is focused on targeted yield approach of fertiliser recommendation for sustaining soil and crop productivity. Fertiliser nutrition recommendations are typically made for various crops by taking into account the soil's availability of nutrients, which is divided into three categories: low, medium, and high. The soil test crop response (STCR) technique, which uses the soil test values and targeted yield equations, is one of the most scientific approaches to nitrogen application for crops among the different types of fertiliser recommendations. The higher uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in STCR approach for the targeted yield of 13 q ha^-1through inorganics could be attributed to the higher yield associated with a higher dose of NPK fertilizers compared to other treatments which might have helped in better availability of these nutrients in the vicinity of plant roots that might have increased the uptake. It is possible to calculate the fertiliser doses for any desired yield targets of the succeeding crop using the predicted post-harvest soil test values, which is a time-saving technology and helps to avoid spending money on soil testing. These values act as the initial soil test values for the following crop in the sequence.

Spent Mushroom Substrate: A Ruby in the Rubble

J. S. Remya — 2023-07-04

The decomposed organic material that is left over after a crop of mushrooms is known as spent mushroom substrate (SMS). If not managed appropriately, it causes a number of environmental issues. More than 50 million tonnes of SMS needs to be disposed of each year by the global mushroom industry. The most current environmental legislation has compelled mushroom farmers to consider more agreeable SMS disposal methods. The efficient application of SMS in the fields of agricultural production, crop protection, mushroom cultivation, weed management, bioremediation, composting, vermicomposting, etc. is thus highlighted by this study. A fresh SMS has outstanding aeration, porosity, water-holding capacity, and nutrition, making it the optimal medium for plant growth. SMS is home to fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes that aid in its breakdown and fight off soil-borne diseases. SMS mulching creates a physical barrier that prevents weed seeds from sprouting and growing, making it easier to manage weeds in crop areas. Mushroom production can use recycled substrate that has been supplemented with starch, peptone, and wheat bran. SMS is the perfect bioremediation agent for a variety of environmental issues because of its distinct physical, chemical, and biological qualities. The disposal of SMS continues to be one of the key environmental issues in nations that produce mushrooms. Each kilogramme of mushrooms produces about 5 kg of SMS. The enzymes extracted from SMS can be used for industrial applications and the bioremediation of contaminants in addition to being used in green technology projects. As a result, SMS can now be considered as a renewable resource from the mushroom industry rather than a waste.

Clustering Limousin Candidate Bulls Based on Their Measured Production Traits and Genomic Scores

Tözsér János — 2023-07-04

This chapter aimed to define type categories of Limosin breeding bulls by cluster analysis, based on their central performance test results, both measured in the test station and obtained by DNA chips. Production control and performance tests are inevitable, important parts of the breeding activity. Various techniques can be applied during these, but it is evident to use accurate, fast, and standardised methods for all traits important according to the breeding aim. The production of purebred Limousin candidate bulls (n = 40) were analysed between 2018-2020. Candidate bulls were kept in small groups (2-9) at the test station, fed with meadow hay, alfalfa ad libitum and dosed fodder. Traits studied were the following: finishing live weight, daily weight gain during the test (g/day) and genomic scores (GS) for 8 production and reproduction traits (growth vigor, muscularity, frame size, calving difficulty, bone, milk production, pelvis). Different types within breeds can produce differently in various environments, suitable for different selection criteria and whether and animal is used in sire line or in maternal one also depends on type. The animals grouped into the first cluster showed high growth capacity and excellent growth intensity with good frame size, but at the same time with slightly less favorable bone fineness. The frame size of the individuals belonging to the second and third groups is not outstanding, however, their bone fineness is remarkable. Applying of the K-means cluster analysis can provide the breeders fast and useful information. These kinds of studies can help to understand the relationships among given components of the type.

Exploring the Operational Efficiency of Agri-warehousing in India's Agricultural Sector

M. Mary Sharon — 2023-07-04

The main aim of the chapter was to assess the growth and performance of warehouses, Negotiable Warehouse Receipt (NWR) and electronic Negotiable Warehouse Receipt (e-NWR) in India. Warehouses are scientifically designed storage structures that protect the quantity and quality of stored products with necessary preservation methods. Before 2007, the warehouse receipts issued by the warehouses unable to utilize the banking services as there were fears of non-recovery of loans in the events of fraud or warehouse management issues. To overcome such difficulties, it was proposed to establish a Negotiable Warehouse Receipt (NWR) system for all the commodities. Under Warehousing (Development and Regulation) Act, 2007, the Government of India has launched electronic Negotiable Warehouse Receipt (e-NWR) on 26th September, 2017 but made mandatory from August 2019. Study employed percentage analysis which showed that there is 102.42 per cent growth in the number of Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) warehouses with the average storage capacity of 106.78 lakh MT and that of State Warehousing Corporation (SWC) warehouses has growth of 105.25 per cent with 439.12 lakh MT average storage capacity which is four times more than CWC storage capacity. In 2017-18, Warehouse Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA) issued total 6447 NWRs for Rs. 313.66 crores value of deposited commodities and farmers got sanctioned the loan of Rs. 90.35 crores against NWRs. In 2019-20, WDRA issued total 134939 e-NWRs for Rs. 5303.44 crores value of deposited commodities and farmers got sanctioned the loan of Rs. 405.01 crores against e-NWRs which indicates that progress of e-NWR is faster than NWR. Study suggested that proper capacity building and awareness programs to farmers, proving higher loan to value of commodity, higher tenure of loan, reducing warehouse rental cost and government could link the roads of remote villages and warehouses to reduce the transportation cost will help the farmers to get the maximum benefit out of e-NWR.

Testing Putative Factor and Categories of Resistance in Wheat to Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) Using Direct Current Electrical Penetration Graph (DC-EPG) Technique

Shah Alam Khan — 2023-07-04

The green bug (Schizaphis graminum) (Homoptera: Aphididae) is a major aphid species attacking wheat crop in Pakistan, and is also reported as a major wheat pest across the world. Host plant resistance is an integral part of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Several green bug resistant genes have been identified and introduced in commercial high yielding cultivars of wheat to manage green bug. There are three known insect resistance categories, including antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance. Furthermore, using direct current electrical penetration graphs (DC-EPG) indicated that Parameters related to sieve element phases the aphid reached quickly on susceptible cultivar compared to ‘resistant’ plants. The percentage of time left available after first sieve element phase, Schizaphis graminum stayed for a significant longer period on susceptible cultivar compared to the resistant cultivars. The aphid penetrated sieve elements phase and phloem ingestion behavior was initiated with unequal success on resistant and susceptible genotypes. EPG indicates that phloem ingestion behavior is significantly reduced on resistant wheat lines compared to the susceptible cultivar. The duration of probing the pathway phase by S. graminum, was significantly different between control plants and the tested genotypes. Similar response was observed during the last parameter ‘mean proportion time’ where the aphid has spent significantly longer time on susceptible cultivar compared to the resistant genotypes.