Determining the Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of E. coli Isolated from Pooled Samples of Sick, Farm, and Market Chickens: A Cross Sectional Study in Nairobi County, Kenya
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v11/4973Keywords:
Antimicrobial resistance, chickens, E. coli, Kenya, multidrug resistanceAbstract
Background: Antimicrobials are essential for human and animal health but need to be used cautiously. Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to both human and animal health. This is mainly because the same antimicrobial molecules are used for treating and prophylaxis of bacterial diseases in both cases, and about 60% of human pathogens are shared with animals. The effective control of AMR in any country, happens periodically through surveillance exercises. In Kenya, there is scanty data on the prevailing AMR situation, especially in animals.
Aim: This study determines the antimicrobial resistance profiles of E. coli Isolated from pooled samples of sick, farm, and market chickens in Nairobi county, Kenya.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Nairobi County, Kenya. Isolation of E. coli was done by swab-inoculation onto MacConkey agar (Oxoid Ltd), followed by incubation at 37°C overnight. Organisms from lactose-fermenting (pink) colonies were phenotyped and confirmed as E. coli through Gram-staining, growth on Eosin Methylene Blue agar, and testing for motility and biochemical reactions, including Indole, Methyl red, Voges Proskauer, Citrate, Urease, and interpretation done using the criteria given in Bergey’s Manual of systemic bacteriology. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by the Agar Disk Diffusion method using Mueller Hinton agar (Oxoid Ltd).
Results: This paper reports on AMR profiles of 54 E. coli strains isolated from chickens out of which 36 (72%) were from clinically ill chickens, 11 (22%) were from farm chickens, and 7 (9.7%) were from slaughtered chickens, respectively. All 54 isolates exhibited varying antimicrobial resistance profiles with the majority showing resistance to Ampicillin (85.22%), Tetracycline (66.7%), Co-trimoxazole (57.4%), and Streptomycin (40.7%). Very few isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin and Gentamicin (each at 3.7%), Ampicillin (11.1%), and Nalidixic acid (24.1%). A total of 44 (81.5%) showed multiple resistance to up to 6 antimicrobial agents.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates the widespread presence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli in Kenyan chickens; most of them showing multi-drug resistances (2 to 6 antimicrobials). The number could have been even higher if more antimicrobials were tested.
