https://stm.bookpi.org/CCRPASC/issue/feed 2021-09-18T10:52:09+00:00 Open Journal Systems <p>Malaysia became a wealthy, urbanised, and industrialised country during the next three and a half decades as a consequence of fast economic development and structural changes. Farmers in rural Malaysia, on the other hand, continue to suffer from poverty. As a consequence, farmers account for the majority of Malaysia's poor. The gap between those who are poor in rural regions and those who are poor in cities is increasing, requiring action. As a matter of fact, it appears that focusing on farms is essential in alleviating rural poverty. Due to their reliance on agricultural output for a living, farmers have been designated as the most susceptible population to climate change. Small- scale farms are the more vulnerable to climate change than large-scale farms. Climate change has the potential to significantly diminish agricultural output, impacting rural per capita income and poverty levels. Farmers' perceptions of the issue, as well as their responses to it, are critical for successful climate change adaptation. Much of Malaysian climate change research focuses on the consequences of climate change, historical and future trends, with agriculture accounting for a significant percentage of the research. The importance of agriculture as a key contributor to national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one possible reason why climate change implications on agriculture have garnered so much attention in Malaysia. But unfortunately, they did not consider so much the adaptation barriers, strategies and capacity to climate risks among rice farmers in Malaysia, who are equally vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.</p> <p>One could wonder what effect climate change is having on rice farmers' poverty. Are farmers aware of climate change's consequences? Are they equipped to handle the situation? What is the extent of their adaptability? What problems do they encounter in terms of adaptability, and how do they deal with them? What alternatives do they have for coping with climate change adaptation? Therefore, this study attempts to fill in the gap by examining the economic impact of climate change on farmer poverty in Kedah and the factors that influence farmers' adaptation decisions and their willingness to pay (WTP) for crop insurance in order to adapt to climate change. Furthermore, this study attempted to investigate the difficulties that farmers face in their adaptation process, and a policy-relevant integrated environmental protection waqf model is presented to assist farmers in overcoming these obstacles. The farmers' willingness to accept the suggested model is also evaluated in order to validate the concept. Overall, this book utilises Kedah as a case study to illustrate farmers' perceptions of climate change, adaptation hurdles, techniques, and possible remedies, both traditional and Islamic. Paddy production by Malaysian farmers supplied 70% of the country's consumption demands, with half of the supply coming from the state of Kedah, also known as Malaysia's rice bowl. One of the study's drawbacks is that it will not cover the full country of Malaysia.</p> <p>There are eight chapters in this book. The introduction, significance of the study, methodology, as well as its importance and limits, are all covered in the first chapter. The second chapter's goal is to assess the economic effects of climate change on rice farmers' poverty. The study's goal was achieved through the use of a logit model. The findings revealed that education had a substantial influence on poverty. In rural Malaysia, farm size, labour costs, and temperature all have a major impact on poverty levels. The third chapter looks at how farmers<br /><br />perceive adaptation strategies and the challenges they face. The study's objectives were met using the weighted average index (WAI) and the problem confrontation index (PCI). The results of the WAI analysis showed that the farmers ranked improved irrigation as the most important adaptation strategies. The PCI analysis showed that high cost of farm inputs, unpredictable weather, lack of water resources, lack of timely weather information and lack of access to credit facilities were the most serious barriers faced by the farmers.</p> <p>The purpose of Chapter four is to investigate the factors which affect farmers' choice about climate change adaptation strategies. In this study, a logit model was used to identify the characteristics that influence farmers' choice of climate change adaptation strategies. Access to extension, income, understanding of climate change, household size, and farm size all impact whether rice farmers employ adaptation strategies.</p> <p><br />For policymakers to determine the awareness, attitude and adaptation behaviour of the farmers, a thorough grasp of their views of present climatic variability, as well as local trends in response to climate change, is critical. Chapter five evaluated farmers' adaptation behaviour recognising this issue. Perceived sensitivity, severity, and advantages of climate change all have a role in boosting climate change awareness and forming favourable attitudes to mitigate the negative consequences of climate change, according to this study. The study also addresses the mediating effects of climate change awareness and attitudes towards climate change between perception and adaptation behaviours.<br /><br />In the study region, little is known about farmers' adaptive capabilities (AC) to adaptation techniques for coping with climate change in rice production. The AC of rice farmers in Kedah were estimated in chapter six. This was based on the attributes of knowledge, use, accessibility, availability and consultation related to the issue of adaptation to climate change. The AC of farmers estimated were categorized into high, moderate and low adaptive capacity. The result of this study revealed that farmers are highly adaptive to the drought- tolerant rice varieties, changing planting dates, use of chemical fertilizers, early maturing rice varieties and formal irrigation system while moderately adaptive capacity in term of farming near water bodies, farming on fallowed land, crop rotation, mixed cropping and mono-cropping. Those farmers who have a low degree of adaption rely on strategies such as improved irrigation system, varied planting in rice farms and increased use of water and soil conservation techniques. Generally, farmers are moderately adaptive to CC strategies as reflected by the average AC value 0.51, but it was found that only 21.25 per cent farmers have high adaptive capacities whereas 44.25 per cent farmers have low adaptive capacities in the study area.</p> <p>Chapter seven examines the factors that influence farmers' desire to purchase crop insurance in the agricultural industry. Descriptive statistics and the logit regression model are used to analyse the data. For every RM 1000 coverage per hectare each season, respondents' average willingness-to-pay (WTP) for monthly crop insurance premiums is MYR 48.15. The significant variables influencing willingness to pay crop insurance by the farmers are the age of household head, attending the training course, farm income, and experience and farm size.<br /><br />Chapter eight's goals are to present the Integrated Waqf Environmental Protection Model (IWEP) and examine farmers' willingness to adopt it. The intention of the farmers to adopt the suggested approach was investigated using the theory of reasoned action (TRA) model, which included perceived obstacles and socioeconomic factors. Structural equation modelling ((SEM) was used to analyse the gathered data .The subjective norm is favourable, according to the SEM results, and has a substantial influence on low-income farmers' intentions to adopt the IWEP model. This indicates that the decision of the low-income farmers to accept the IWEP model is significantly influenced by their family members, neighbours and friends. Furthermore, awareness and perceived barriers have a greater impact on the elderly, highly educated and wealthy farmers. According to the findings, the elderly, highly educated, and rich farmers are aware of climate change and perceive greater dangers or hurdles as a result of it. As a result, they are more inclined to plan for adaptability.</p> https://stm.bookpi.org/CCRPASC/article/view/3938 2021-09-18T10:31:14+00:00 Rafia Afroz [email protected] Rulia Akhtar

<p>The present study aims to analyzed the economic impact of climate change on farmer poverty in Kedah and to investigate the factors that influence farmers' adaptation decisions and their willingness to pay (WTP) for crop insurance in order to adapt to climate change. Any major long-term shift in the predicted patterns of average weather of the region (or the entire globe) over a large length of time is referred to as climate change. Farmers' views of the problem, as well as their responses, are crucial for successful climate change adaptation. Much of Malaysia's climate change research focuses on the effects of climate change, as well as historical and prospective patterns, with agriculture accounting for a large portion of the study. Climate change is having a negative influence on agriculture, forestry, coastal resource management, water, public health, and other sectors that are interconnected to the whole economy of Malaysia. In this study, only the quantitative research method was used in order to fulfil the objectives. The quantitative method was conducted using the survey questionnaire. According to the findings of this study, in order to promote crop insurance in Malaysia, the government may need to develop a strategic policy to persuade farmers of the insurance scheme's credibility and reliability by increasing farmers' awareness and understanding of crop insurance through advertising and training. The socio-cultural barriers typically encompass the social and cultural systems; such as cognitive thinking and also the normative/cultural barrier in a society that could hinder the adaptation processes. The significance of this work may be seen from both academic and practitioner viewpoints. According to academics, this study will be able to provide a model that will aid farmers in their climate change adaptation efforts. The perception that climate change is also caused by natural ways and ancestral curses implies that scientists and development experts should consider the traditional beliefs of farmers when designing adaptation practices. Further research is recommended to assess the feasibility of farm-level adaptation practices to climate change. This will help the governments, researchers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), policy makers, and farmers to develop and implement adaptation measures that are sustainable, resilient, and reliable.</p>

2021-09-18T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2021 Author(s). The licensee is the publisher (B P International). https://stm.bookpi.org/CCRPASC/article/view/3940 2021-09-18T10:33:38+00:00 Rafia Afroz [email protected] Rulia Akhtar

<p>Farmers have been identified as the most vulnerable demographic to climate change due to their reliance on agricultural production for a living. Climate change makes small-scale farms more susceptible than large-scale farms. Climate change has the potential to reduce agricultural output by a substantial amount, affecting rural per capita income and poverty levels. Farmers' views of the problem, as well as their responses, are crucial for successful climate change adaptation. The goals of this study are to analyse the economic impact of climate change on farmer poverty in Kedah and to investigate the factors that influence farmers' adaptation decisions and their willingness to pay (WTP) for crop insurance in order to adapt to climate change. Furthermore, this study attempted to investigate the difficulties that farmers face in their adaptation process, and a policy-relevant integrated environmental protection waqf model is presented to assist farmers in overcoming these obstacles. The farmers' willingness to accept the suggested model is also evaluated in order to validate the concept. Overall, this book uses Kedah as a case study to explain the notion of climate change, adaption hurdles, methods, and viable solutions. This study will not cover the entirety of Malaysia, which is one of the study's limitations.</p>

2021-09-18T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2021 Author(s). The licensee is the publisher (B P International). https://stm.bookpi.org/CCRPASC/article/view/3941 2021-09-18T10:36:48+00:00 Rafia Afroz [email protected] Rulia Akhtar

<p>Poverty alleviation has been one of the main agenda of development in most developing countries. The goal of this chapter is to assess the influence of climate change on rice farmers' poverty in Malaysia's Kedah state. Here, we provide the evidence from a case study among agricultural households in Kedah, Malaysia. Our results show that level of education, non-farm income and temperature are significant to explain the likelihood of a farmer being poor. Hence, our findings suggest that the poor farmers can decrease their poverty if the government will explore the initiative to increase their level of education. If the farmers are educated, they will be able to produce in the least costly measures. They will be able to know what crops they should produce according to the market demand. Lastly, they will be able to tackle the effect of warm temperature. The findings of our study also lend support to the view that the non-farm sector could be a viable option to reduce poverty among the rural-agricultural households. The major emphasis should be given to increase the efficiency of the farmers, enlarge the resource base of farmers through crop divergence and growth of structure.</p>

2021-09-18T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2021 Author(s). The licensee is the publisher (B P International). https://stm.bookpi.org/CCRPASC/article/view/3942 2021-09-18T10:39:00+00:00 Rafia Afroz [email protected] Rulia Akhtar

<p>The objective of this chapter is to analyse farmers’ perception about climate change, adaptation practices and barriers. The results of this study shows that the majority of farmers (76%) perceived an increase in temperature over the past 10-15 years. It also shows that with a PCI value of 797, the high cost of farm inputs was ranked the most critical impediment to using of adaptation options. Unpredictable weather, lack of access to water resources, lack of access to timely weather information, lack of access to credit facilities were ranked the second, third, fourth, fifth and six most pressing problems, respectively. The results also showed that lack of finances and government support for information available to climate change are the biggest impediments. More rice can be produced by farmers with higher adaptive capacity. In order to assist them attain higher rice output, rice growers should be allowed by improving extension services, public aid, such as grants, training for better adaptation.</p>

2021-09-18T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2021 Author(s). The licensee is the publisher (B P International). https://stm.bookpi.org/CCRPASC/article/view/3944 2021-09-18T10:42:02+00:00 Rafia Afroz [email protected] Rulia Akhtar

<p>Adaptation strategies are essential to predict the trend of climate change and to analyse how climate change and how its impacts are perceived, experienced and responded by the farmers. According to evidence from a variety of sources, there is a link between farmers' education and their capacity to adapt to climate change. Hence, the objective of this study is to analyse which factors can affect the decision of the farmers to adapt with the climate change in Kedah. The results of the regression analysis show that access to extension, income, knowledge about climate change, household size and farm size affect the decision to adapt any adaptation strategies or not. The results of the study indicate that the farmers who have access to extension are more likely to adapt to climate change. This result is expected because extension officers can inform about climate change and also at the same time, they can advise them how to mitigate the impact of climate change on rice production.</p>

2021-09-18T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2021 Author(s). The licensee is the publisher (B P International). https://stm.bookpi.org/CCRPASC/article/view/3945 2021-09-18T10:44:03+00:00 Rafia Afroz [email protected] Rulia Akhtar

<p>The ability of farmers to perceive climate change is a fundamental prerequisite for choosing adaptation practices. Localized forms of perception of climate risk strongly depend on societal, ethnic and economic conditions in which people undergo risk and perception influences behaviour and assist decision makers. In line with this, this chapter examined farmers’ perception, adaptation barriers and their adaptation behaviour. The study found that perceived sensitivity, perceived severity and perceived benefits of climate change play an important role in raising awareness of climate change and the formation of favourable attitudes to minimize the adverse effects of climate change. The study also addresses the mediating effects of climate change awareness and attitudes towards climate change between perception and adaptation behaviours. Policy makers could increase outreach to local stakeholders, to increase awareness of these policies and plans and provide opportunities for feedback. Malaysia needs to build public support for adaptation. Public support for adaptation is generally lacking in the ASEAN countries, and needs to be generated on the ground.</p>

2021-09-18T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2021 Author(s). The licensee is the publisher (B P International). https://stm.bookpi.org/CCRPASC/article/view/3946 2021-09-18T10:46:14+00:00 Rafia Afroz [email protected] Rulia Akhtar

<p>Adaptive capacity is the capacity of a system to adapt if the environment where the system exists is changing. The assessment of farmers’ adaptability and the associated concept of farmer's adaptive capacity may constitute the first step towards enhanced adaptation. This chapter aims to fill this gap by examining the level of AC of the farmers. This chapter will help policymakers to plan responses to CC in Malaysia and understand the ability of farmers’ degree of adaptive capacities. The findings show that farmers have high adaptive capacity in terms of drought-tolerant rice varieties, changing planting dates, use of chemical or organic fertilizers, early maturity rice varieties and formal irrigation system with the range of 0.69 \(\leq\) AvAdaptCapj \(\leq\)0.83 which is under the threshold value (0.66 \(\leq\) AvAdaptCapj \(\leq\)1.00. Government, non-government organizations and policymakers should design policies to train farmers on the use of the adaption strategies to help them adapt well to the changing climatic conditions. This could be achieved through effective extension education and training on adaption strategies of the rice- growing farmers. This will help them to not only adapt but also mitigate the effects of CC on paddy or rice cultivation.</p>

2021-09-18T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2021 Author(s). The licensee is the publisher (B P International). https://stm.bookpi.org/CCRPASC/article/view/3947 2021-09-18T10:50:17+00:00 Rafia Afroz [email protected] Rulia Akhtar

<p>This chapter evaluated the factors that affect the willingness to pay of the farmers by using the logit regression model with the farmers’ divergence in terms of various socio- economic conditions. Contingent valuation method (CVM) was conducted. The results of the study report that the majority of the rice farmers of the study area are medium-aged. As expected, 47% of the farmers have secondary school education which will enable them to adopt new methods of rice production. In this study, we also find that 36% of respondents reveal that their monthly earning is in the range of RM2000 to RM 4000. Their income is above Malaysia’s national poverty line income (PLI) of RM800 (10th Malaysian plan). The major risks faced by the farmers are rat attack, disease, excess rainfall, high temperatures, variation in yield, and flood. This study reports that most farmers think crop insurance scheme is designed especially for wealthy farmers because it costs high quality and is not available to the poor and marginal farmers. They also perceive that the procedure currently works for another insurance scheme is very complicated. This study finds that 76% of the farmers are willing to pay the crop insurance scheme. The rest of the farmers believe that the premium should be subsidized by the government and they do not believe in conventional insurance.</p>

2021-09-18T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2021 Author(s). The licensee is the publisher (B P International). https://stm.bookpi.org/CCRPASC/article/view/3948 2021-09-18T10:52:09+00:00 Rafia Afroz [email protected] Rulia Akhtar

<p>The research focuses on cash waqf as an alternative source of financial support to farmers. It explored the development of waqf for the benefit of Malaysian farmers. Empirically, this chapter explored the intentions of the farmers to accept cash waqf to avoid barriers to adaptation, investigating the relationship between the intention of the farmers to accept cash waqf and awareness of cash waqf, attitude towards cash waqf, subjective norms, knowledge and perceived barriers. The finding of the study confirms that attitude, awareness, subjective norm, perceived obstacle and knowledge affect the intent to adopt a model to avoid barriers to adaptation. This study found that awareness, subjective norm, and perceived barriers significantly affect farmers’ intention to adopt the proposed model. Subjective norm was positive and had a significant impact on the intention of the farmers in the low-income group. This indicates that the decision of the low-income farmers to accept the integrated waqf environmental protection (IWEP)&nbsp; model&nbsp; is significantly influenced by their family members, neighbors and friends. Moreover, this study demonstrates that awareness and perceived barriers have more influence on older farmers, highly educated and wealthy farmers.</p>

2021-09-18T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2021 Author(s). The licensee is the publisher (B P International).