Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 2

The global warming has several consequences upon the climate changes one of these consequences are melting world's glaciers, desertification and the high powered hurricanes where these consequences have a severe impact against the civilization and life on Earth, where melting world's glaciers guides world's sea level to raise to extreme levels threatens sinking of wide important areas of the Earth via the sea water and the desertification threatens the demise of all kinds of life in green areas by turning it into deserts as well as the high powered hurricanes threatens to represents as big disasters in the urban areas which costs billions dollars yearly, therefore the issue of the climate change become the issue that determines our existence on Earth. It became clear obvious that the climate changes is the issue of increasing the energy in the environment, which increases the speed of chemical and physical reactions and changes paths to the negative effects and results, therefore new and smart ways should be found to handles the high energies in the environment of the Earth and divert the negative paths towards the positive effects and results upon the environment and life.

Purpose: Qualify Earth’s nature to reduce the effects of the climate changes upon the environment and life.

Methods: Use the same energy resources which causing the global warming and the climate changes to extract drinking water and qualify the nature of the Earth to support the life factors,  avoiding to use another energy resources to grant our used the systems the duration their performance, and finally integrating them to be part of landmarks of the nature.

Results: Global warming result of the existence of high level of energy in the Earth’s environment leading to increase the speed of the chemical and physical reactions among the materials on the nature, results the unwanted consequences, which leads to the unregulated distribution of the water quantities in the environment of the Earth between the lack in water in some areas which causes desertification and in the meantime increase it in some other areas which causes flooding, this is due to the unregulated in the rates of evaporation and condensation of the water in the nature, therefore adding some extra systems and foundations to the Earth’s environment which already consume the same energy resources which cause climate changes and some another natural energies and forces, considering Physical and chemical properties of materials, finally integrate these new foundations with the landmarks of the nature, may grant the environment the ability to stand strongly in the face of these challenges in order to do their required functions to support life of Earth. Most of the causes of climate changes are due to the industrial emissions, while world’s industry and economy still depending upon the fossil energy resources, therefore it’s not possible to change the recent situation in a blink of an eye, there are some conferences and agreements aiming to reduce the recent rates of the industrial emissions but the adopted programs works in the long term, until it become possible to build a sophisticated industrial base that relies on alternative energy sources, therefore these programs need a several decades, this means that the recent rates of emissions will continue for a long time, and the global warming rates will also continue increasing until further notice, therefore work should be done on another path as well, which is aiming qualify Earth’s nature to be able to face climate changes, considering the challenge global warming one of the constants in our daily life and handle it via our available capabilities, through building foundations depending upon modestly technology to counter these climate changes. For example when we aim to fight the desertification used the systems must already depend upon the same factors that cause the desertification such as high rates of temperatures and the atomic diffusion of the water into the air considering the physical characteristics of the water in its different values of density in its different phases while benefiting of the energies of nature of the heat and the gravity force of Earth, note that as much as the temperature increases the rates of evaporation of water from water surfaces increases as well, resulting the increase the value of humidity in the atmosphere of the Earth, which have the effects upon the rates of raining in the raining seasons resulting floods threatening cities and agricultural areas, therefore making lakes nearby these important areas could guides the flooding water to move to the lower elevation areas to these lakes via effects of gravity force of the Earth may prevent flooding in the inhabitants and agricultural projects areas, also to use these waters later for human and agricultural purposes, especially that flooding areas are suffering of the lack of raining in the rest of seasons and the desertification.

The article analyzes the potential of the sand resource base for the construction of the Podillya region (Ukraine). The stratigraphic confinement of raw materials is determined. General regularities of distribution of productive horizons over the territory are characterized. The interdependence of Neogene sands on their size modulus was established. Four groups of deposits of different ages have been identified and their qualitative characteristics have been analyzed. The degree of provision with explored (balance) reserves and resources of individual administrative units of the three Podillya regions was calculated. The available raw material base of sandy raw materials for various purposes was objectively assessed. Conclusions are made about the prospects for increasing the production of sandy raw materials in the region through the study of promising areas and exploration of already known deposits.

In this study, the diversity of the surface features of karst types and the causes of diversity change are described and interpreted. It was taken into consideration how diversity changes according to the distance from the Equator in case of small, medium and large features of various carbonate karsts and how it varies based on the distance from altitude in case of the karren features (small features) of high mountain karsts. It can be established that the diversity of karst features decreases according to the distance from the Equator (independent of the size of the features), while in high mountains the diversity of karren features first increases with altitude and then it decreases. The decrease of the diversity of medium and large features moving away from the Equator can be explained by the decrease of dissolution intensity. The diversity change of karren features shows a relation with the diversity of the inclination of the bearing slope. Since on tropical karsts and in the medium elevated areas of high mountains (1600-2100 m) where bare slopes with large expansion and various slope inclination occur, the diversity of karren is great. On tropical karsts, slopes with diverse inclination were created by karstification and in high mountains by glacial erosion.

This paper attempts to use the various indices available to assess the degree of corrosivity and calcite formation of groundwater sampled from Indian Mk. II handpumps in the district of Mahoba in Uttar Pradesh, India. Langelier Saturation Index, Ryznar Stability Index, Puckorius Scaling Index, Larson-Skold Index, and Potential to Promote Galvanic Corrosion were among the indices employed in the study. Corrosivity of groundwater would cause materials used in construction of pipes to leach into drinking water since the same is used for both household activities and drinking purposes. Calcite formation limits the convey potential of pipes, reducing the amount of effort necessary to manually pump out the required quantity of groundwater from the aquifer. One hundred and five samples were gathered from Indian Mk. II handpumps tapping shallow aquifers (up to 35 mbgl) from various locations for analysis of basic parameters such as pH, TDS, EC, and ions such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphate and others. Overall, the majority of groundwater samples show a tendency to deposit calcium carbonate within pipes, with chlorides and sulphates not interfering with natural film formation in pipes and the likelihood of galvanic corrosion, while a minority of samples show the opposite. The information derived from various corrosion indices can also be used prior to the construction of industries that demand strict water quality criteria for production, and regions free of corrosive potential of groundwater can be identified for future infrastructure investment.

Climate Change poses a big threat to agriculture by altering the growing season of crops thereby resulting to serious danger to food production. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of climate change on growing Season Rainfall, Temperature on crop yield. Therefore, this work has examined the impact of climate change on the growing season of maize (Zea mays) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) yields in Abia State, South-Eastern Nigeria. The rainfall and temperature data were obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) and crop yield derived from the archives of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture (FMA) and Agricultural Development Program (ADP) for a period of 30 years which was analyzed using the descriptive statistics, trend graph, anomalies and regression model. Thus, correlational research method was adopted. The analysis showed increasing trend in annual mean maximum with 0.0205 per annum, mean minimum temperature with 0.0143 per annum and mean temperature with 0.0199 per annum while the annual growing season rainfall showed a decrease in trend with-0.3325 per annum. There has been a persistent increase in the mean temperature anomalies especially in the past five (5) years (2012–2016) and rainfall of recent years depicts a decrease anomaly in the last (10) years (2007-2016). The multiple regression model showed r² values that ranged between 0.30 – 0.89 revealing that 30 % - 89 % of cassava and maize yields could be explained by rainfall and temperature in the states and the result was significant at p<0.05. It reveals that cassava and maize yields are significant depended on rainfall and temperature. The findings show that there is increase in temperature and decrease in growing season rainfall which needs serious attention as people in this part of Nigeria critically depend on rainfall for agricultural practice. It is recommended that government and private sectors should engage in farm irrigation and drilling of water borehole in farm sites as well as increase awareness of the farmers on climate change issues for sustainable food security of the nation.

Based on long-term studies of photosynthesis, the author found that any decrease in the carbohydrate orientation of photosynthesis (decrease in illumination, increase in mineral nitrogen fertilizers) leads to a decrease in the formation of oxygen and an increase in carbon dioxide during photorespiration. Plants use an immense amount of mineral fertilizers in agriculture by no more than 10%. The rest flows into the seas and oceans, where it provokes the reproduction of chlorella, which eats up oxygen from the sea water. Research by an international organization (RJ Diaz / phys.org) has shown that the amount of dead water in the ocean (oxygen deficiency) has increased tenfold over the past 10 years. As a result of the death of marine animals, the decomposition of their corpses occurs in water anaerobically - oxygen is detached from the organic molecules of the corpse and is used for the metabolism of microorganisms. Carcasses carried by ocean currents become heavier and accumulate in ocean depressions, where the process ends with the formation of oil. All this leads to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (2-3% is enough), which leads to the death of all living things on the surface of the Earth (including plants, which also cannot live without respiratory metabolism. And the Earth's biosphere will return to its original state, repeating all the way, only after a billion years. Thus, such a cycle could be repeated many times. The appearance of oil using a different mechanism of formation is not possible.

One of the essential inputs for the Land-Vegetation-Atmosphere interaction required for ecosystem modeling is the spatial and temporal variability of Land Surface Temperature (LST). Temperature and Emissivity Separation Methods, the electromagnetic spectrum for LST calculation and radiative transfer equations for land surface temperature matrices were all examined in this work. We came to the conclusion that land surface temperature is a critical parameter in many environmental models, including energy and water exchange between the atmosphere and the surface, numerical weather prediction, global ocean circulation and climatic variability. Surface temperature measurements on a regional or global scale are only partly attributable to satellite remote sensing. The primary goal of this chapter is to describe, compare, and assess the LST extraction methods in terms of their computational algorithms, varied input parameters, and relative accuracy.