Editor(s)
Dr. Guang Yih Sheu
Chang-Jung Christian University, Taiwan.

Short Biosketch

 

ISBN 978-93-48119-49-0 (Print)
ISBN 978-93-48119-51-3 (eBook)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v8

 

This book covers key areas of engineering research and technology. The contributions by the authors include energy vectors, capital expenditure, carbon-neutral energy production, decarbonization, tribological and mechanical properties, aluminium bonded-alumina ceramic, automobile, energy dispersive x-ray, machine learning applications, artificial intelligence, convolutional neural network, crude oil exploration, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, electromagnetic interference, absorption shielding, nickel-zinc ferrite, onshore pipeline, cathodic protection, pipeline corrosion, soil resistivity, rocket engine nozzle, dual bell nozzle, bell-shaped tip, shock wave, space engineering, optimal reactive power dispatch, strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, differential evolution, fiber coupling efficiency, multiple passive sensors, all optical sensing, optical time domain reflectometry, fiber bragg grating, electromagnetic band gap, printed antenna, MIMO systems, eight-element array. This book contains various materials suitable for students, researchers, and academicians in the fields of engineering research and technology.


Chapters


Machine Learning Applications in Oil Well Petrophysics and Original Oil in Place Estimation: A Systematic Literature Review

Ekemini Anietie Johnson, Okure Udo Obot, Kingsley Attai, Julius Akpabio, Udoinyang Godwin Inyang, Anietie Emmanuel John, Mfon Okpu Esang, Eduediuyai Ekerette Dan, Imaobong Okpongette Akpan, Aniefiok Bassey, Kitoye Ebire Okonny, Ifeanyi Bardi

Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 8, 5 October 2024, Page 1-28
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v8/1874

One type of artificial intelligence (AI) that can be used in any field of study is machine learning. Numerous algorithms that are used to perform different tasks, including classification, estimation, prediction, comparison, approximation, optimization, and selection, are included in it. The reservoir engineer can predict the total amount of crude oil that may be in the reservoir by assessing the original oil in place. When there is limited data available, machine learning is found to execute reserves estimation quickly and accurately. These and other characteristics of machine learning led to a thorough evaluation of the literature covering research done between 2010 and 2021, examining the advantages and disadvantages of the studies as they were presented. To determine the hydrocarbon potential of a reservoir, the oil industry collects several kinds of data from both subsurface and surface sources. Large-scale data collection, analysis, and output prediction are all known to be possible using sensors. After a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the 3127 study-related papers that were gathered from 4 databases, 104 journal articles that satisfied the requirements were used for the review. According to the study's findings, 2019 had the most publications (20 out of 104) on the subject under review among the years under evaluation. Additionally, 39% of authors noted that the algorithm was not performing well, and 61% of authors reported insufficient data. It was also discovered that the sector employed machine learning more for forecasting and prediction than for other purposes, with artificial neural networks (ANNs) being the most used AI technology. The work provides researchers with further insights into machine learning for petrophysics analysis and original oil in place estimation. This clever new technology simplifies and streamlines the process of evaluating data.

Cross-linking Process, Mechanical Properties and EMI Absorption Shielding Efficiency of Composites Based on NBR

Ján Kruželák, Andrea Kvasnicakova, Michaela Džuganová, Rastislav Dosoudil, Ivan Hudec

Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 8, 5 October 2024, Page 29-51
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v8/1885

The rapid progress in industrialization and informatization of modern society has led to the generation of high amounts of environmental pollution, especially from electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic interference can be explained as the undesired disturbances in electronic appliances, which are caused by interference of multiple electromagnetic signals transmitting from neighboring devices. Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) is one of the most widely used specialty type rubber with a good correlation between cost and properties. Due to its polar character, it has good resistance to oils and non-polar solvents. Two types of composites were tested for electromagnetic interference absorption shielding performance, cross-linking process and physical-mechanical properties. Manganese-zinc ferrite, nickel-zinc ferrite, and both fillers in their mutual combinations were incorporated into acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber. The overall content of the filler, or fillers combinations was kept at 200 phr. Carbon black, or carbon fibres, respectively were incorporated into each rubber formulation in constant loading - 25 phr. The work was focused on the understanding of correlation between electromagnetic shielding parameters and electrical conductivity of composites in relation to their absorption shielding effectiveness. The absorption shielding ability of materials was evaluated within the frequency range from 1 MHz to 6 GHz. The study revealed a good correlation among permittivity, conductivity, and EMI absorption shielding. The higher the conductivity, the higher the permittivity, resulting in the lower absorption shielding performance. The higher the ratio of nickel-zinc ferrite in magnetic filler combinations, the lower the conductivity and permittivity and the higher the absorption shielding. The experimentally obtained data also revealed that the influence of the type of ferrite or ferrites combinations on curing parameters and physical-mechanical properties was negligible.

Flow in Shortened Round Supersonic Nozzle with a Bell-shaped Tip

Pryadko Nataliya, Strelnikov Hennadii, Ternova Katerina

Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 8, 5 October 2024, Page 52-77
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v8/2095

The present study aimed to generalize the study results of supersonic flows in a shortened nozzle with a bell-shaped tip and analyze the effect of the base nozzle length, different connection tip angles with the conical nozzle part, inlet and external pressure on the flow characteristics in the nozzle. The flow in a shortened nozzle with a bell-shaped nozzle is considered. A comparison of the wave structures of supersonic gas flow was carried out in shortened nozzles with short and long tips formed by compression and stretching of the original bell-shaped tip for connection with the long and short conical base nozzle part, respectively, and with the same nozzle length. The influence of connection angles of the conical nozzle part with the bell-shaped tip was analyzed. The flow characteristics were observed under operation conditions at sea level, in the upper atmosphere layers and different pressure values at the nozzle inlet. The calculation results correlated satisfactorily with the flow experimental study results.

Experimental Study on the Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Bonded with Alumina Ceramic

V. Jayaprakash, M. Anish, J. Senthilkumar, S. R. Aakaash, K. Manikandan, A. King Sivabalan

Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 8, 5 October 2024, Page 78-90
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v8/2089

The present study highlights about Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Bonded with Alumina Ceramic. Aluminium is a malleable and lustrous substance that is classified as a member of the boron group on the periodic table. Aluminium and its alloys possess a low weight and can provide solutions for optimizing the ratio of strength to weight in cars. However, they are unsuitable for applications that need great resistance to wear. Aluminium alloy is mixed with highly wear-resistant alumina ceramic to enhance its suitability for high-wear applications, such as brakes. Aluminium can withstand corrosion as a result of passivation. Alumina ceramic, a non-metallic material, has excellent resistance to wear. Aluminium may undergo ceramic coating by many methods such as adhesives, brazing, and thermal plasma spraying. Aluminium may be bonded with alumina ceramic using an epoxy resin, which is often used for joining both metals and non-metals. After applying epoxy resin to cover the Aluminium with ceramic, the material was subjected to tribological testing and EDX analysis to conduct research. The material may attain similar mechanical and tribological characteristics.

An Optimal Reactive Power Management Using SPEA and NSGA II

Vishnu B. Patel, Rajesh M. Patel

Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 8, 5 October 2024, Page 91-106
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v8/1554

Reactive power management is essential for power system operation, particularly through Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch (ORPD). This study investigates the dispatch of reactive power as an optimization problem, utilizing various evolutionary algorithms, including differential evolution and genetic algorithms. The study focuses on two main objectives: minimizing real power losses and reducing the L-index. ORPD is evaluated using multiple IEEE bus systems, comparing the results of the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA) and the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II).

Cathodic Protection in Onshore Pipeline: Case Studies on Corrosion-Induced Leaks and Environmental Impacts

Fernando B. Mainier, Luciana Torres

Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 8, 5 October 2024, Page 107-127
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v8/2572

The transportation of oil through onshore pipelines is a critical operation that requires stringent safety measures to prevent leaks, which can have severe environmental and economic consequences. This study investigates the role of cathodic protection in preventing external corrosion of pipelines, focusing on three case studies involving different failure scenarios. Key findings indicate that factors such as changes in soil resistivity, interference from nearby electrical infrastructure, and inadequate maintenance significantly contribute to cathodic protection failures, leading to pipeline leaks. The results underscore the importance of proper system design, continuous monitoring, and maintenance to mitigate the risk of corrosion and ensure safe pipeline operations. This study provides valuable insights into enhancing the reliability of cathodic protection systems in onshore pipeline networks.

Amplified OTDR Fiber Tree Network in Water Surface Detection

Yoshiaki Yamabayashi

Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 8, 5 October 2024, Page 128-138
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v8/2513

For disaster prevention and control, water levels at remote places, such as dams, and lakes, need to be always monitored. Similar cases can be found in liquid tanks in factories or reservoirs in waterworks. Conventional sensors that need to be powered electrically are susceptible to power outages and possible risk of discharge sparks. A sensor design is required to make the network all optical and remove the need for an electric power supply for the distributed sensors.

To monitor water levels at long distances, a fiber-based time-domain reflectometry network with optical amplification is proposed. A collimator at each fiber end of a tree-type network retrieves 1.55 \(\mu\)m wavelength pulses that are reflected from remote liquid surfaces. In the present paper a successful simultaneous monitoring experiment of two water levels in the laboratory, as well as a trial for detecting a disturbed surface by beam-expanding and its theoretical background are reported.

Wideband Printed Antenna Array Backed by Fractal AMC Surfaces for Wireless Communications

Hossein Malekpoor

Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 8, 5 October 2024, Page 139-165
https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v8/2069

A low-profile printed dipole antenna (PDA) array backed by broadband Giuseppe Peano fractal artificial magnetic conductors (AMC) with first and second iterations is introduced for wireless communications. It is known that the artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structures introduce a privilege like a perfect magnetic conductor with an in-phase reflection response in a certain range. By integrating 4x4 AMC reflectors into the eight-element array with diverse polarizations, low-profile wideband printed structures with enhanced radiation properties are achieved. The proposed PDA, consisting of a pair of microstrip dipoles excited by an E-shaped microstrip feedline, extends the bandwidth range to 5.5-6.96 GHz (S11 \(\le\) -10 dB). The introduction of the first iteration of Giuseppe Peano fractal AMC surface as a reflector enhances the radiation efficiency. The PDA with the 4×4 Giuseppe Peano AMC array demonstrates a -10 dB measured impedance bandwidth from 4.25 to 7.10 GHz (50.2%) for WLAN and WiMAX applications. Compared to the PDA without AMC, the suggested PDA with AMC shows a size reduction of 50.5%, enhanced gain up to 8.2 dBi, and excellent impedance matching with uni-directional radiation patterns. The novel AMC unit cells, based on the first and second iterations of Giuseppe Peano fractal patches, operate at 6.10 GHz with an AMC bandwidth of 5.15-7.10 GHz (32%). Measured results indicate broad bandwidths from 4.2 to 7.10 GHz for all elements, with enhanced gains and good isolation between the elements for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. By introducing the second iteration of the Giuseppe Peano fractal AMC compared to the first iteration, lower operating frequencies and consequently greater size reduction are achieved. It is concluded that the compact MIMO antenna array with high gains and efficiencies for elements can be used for WLAN and WiMAX applications.

This chapter explores the comparative viability of electricity, hydrogen, and biodiesel as energy vectors for industrial applications, specifically focusing on an aluminum smelter project in Southern Italy. The analysis evaluates each energy vector across multiple parameters, including system efficiency, land requirements for carbon-neutral energy production, and capital expenditure (CapEx). The study finds that while biodiesel offers carbon neutrality, it is impractical due to extensive land requirements and lower efficiency. Hydrogen, though a promising alternative, presents challenges in efficiency and higher CapEx, particularly when considering the infrastructure required for production and transportation. Electricity emerges as the most viable option, offering superior efficiency, lower land requirements, and comparatively lower CapEx. The findings underscore the importance of a holistic assessment of energy vectors in industrial contexts, balancing economic, environmental, and practical considerations to achieve long-term sustainability and feasibility. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights and guidance for similar industrial applications, highlighting electricity's potential as the main vector for achieving carbon neutrality in energy-intensive sectors. The implications drawn underscore the need for holistic approaches to policymaking, research, and practice in navigating the transition toward sustainable energy solutions. Further research that addresses these limitations can pave the way for more informed, effective, and sustainable energy strategies in the industrial sector and beyond.