Scale-Up of Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Ethanol Extract of Plantago major L. Leaf and Its Antibacterial Potential: A Recent Study

Abstract

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) utilizing plant extracts has been widely optimized these days because of its eco-friendly, simple, and cost-effective manner. This present study was performed to evaluate the scale-up trial on synthesis parameter and centrifugation duration of Plantago major L. leaf ethanolic extract in the green synthesis of Ag NPs. Leaf extract concentration of 0.25%, 70^oC of temperature, 60 min of synthesis time, and 30 min of centrifugation time were concluded as the optimized scale-up condition of green synthesis. The scale-up trial resulted in spherical silver nanoparticles with an average size of 12.2\(\pm\)5.11 nm, proven from various spectroscopic (UV-Vis, EDS, FTIR), microscopic observations (SEM, FE-TEM), and other observations (SAED, DLS, XRD). The synthesized Ag NPs exhibit good antibacterial activity against several tested bacteria at 20 \(\mu\)g mL^-1 of dosage. This study offers a nine times higher yield of the synthesized Ag NPs (107.2\(\pm\)6.82 mg) at about the same time as a smaller scale of green synthesis. Sufficient nanoparticles will provide flexibility to carry out its characterization efficiently and further bioactivity test and formulation experiments, such as in cosmetics, medical ointments, and other pharmaceutical products.