Synthesis and Biological Applications of Ferrocenyl Amino Acids, Sugar and Nucleic Acids Derivatives

Abstract

Ferrocene, known for its aromaticity, relative lipophilicity, and stable redox properties, has been widely explored in functional molecules due to its unique chemical characteristics. Despite being an organometallic compound, ferrocene and some derivatives maintain stability in aqueous and aerobic environments. Its industrial applications span diverse fields such as petroleum, plastics, textiles, metallurgy, and catalysis. Medicinally, ferrocene and its derivatives demonstrate cytotoxic, antitumor, antimalarial, and antianemic properties, making ferrocene-conjugated biomolecules particularly promising. One approach to enhance ferrocene’s water solubility and biocompatibility is through covalent attachment to biomolecules like amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. These conjugates exhibit significant structural, electrochemical, and biological properties. This chapter reviews recent advancements in the synthesis of ferrocene-conjugated carbohydrates and amino acids, focusing on methods such as thio-alkylation, click chemistry, and amide linkage formation. Overall, the chemical versatility and bioactivity of ferrocene derivatives highlight their potential for future applications in medicinal and material science.